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ABSTRACT
Guidelines for designing information charts often state that the presentation should reduce ‗chart junk‘ – visual embellishments that are not essential to understanding the data. In contrast, some popular chart designers wrap the presented data in detailed and elaborate imagery, raising the questions of whether this imagery is really as detrimental to understanding as has been proposed, and whether the visual embellishment may have other benefits. To investigate these issues, we conducted an experiment that compared embellished charts with plain ones, and measured both interpretation accuracy and long-term recall. We found that people‘s accuracy in describing the embellished charts was no worse than for plain charts, and that their recall after a two-to-three-week gap was significantly better. Although we are cautious about recommending that all charts be produced in this style, our results question some of the premises of the minimalist approach to chart design.

2010 Canada HCI Tobii eye tracking information visualization embellishment charts interpretation recall comprehension memorability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
An empirical study of how a simplification of complex syntactic structures in English medical texts affects processing and comprehension for Danish medical experts.

Denmark 2010 Linguistics Tobii eye tracking 1750 ClearView processing comprehension syntactic english medical text

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on on-line metacognitive processes, in particular, comprehension monitoring in reading. Interesting prospects of technology-supported on-line methods for metacognitive studies on comprehension monitoring are outlined on the basis of current empirical evidence. First, the on-line methods to study comprehension monitoring are described and discussed, and our studies of elementary (Grade 1–6) school students’ monitoring and regulating comprehension feature the application of two of the methods, namely traced silent reading and eyetracking. Second, these studies give evidence on young students’ comprehension monitoring and developmental trends as a function of grade, decoding skills, listening and reading comprehension skills and intervention. As an example, results from a recent study linking students’ comprehension monitoring, mood and metacognitive experiences are presented in more detail. The future promise and prospects of technology-supported on-line comprehension monitoring methods for metacognition research and of assessing affects associated with comprehension monitoring processes are discussed. It is argued that the modern technology allowing synchronized data collection of affective reactions and reading comprehension behavior offer important new opportunities to enhance current theories and empirical knowledge, particularly, of linkages between emotional and metacognitive processes.

Finland 2010 Linguistics Tobii eye tracking T60 metacognition on-line reading affect comprehension processes

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
This article investigates the acquisition of the focus particle auch 'also' by German-learning children. We report data from spontaneous and elicited production of utterances with the focus particle auch by 1- to 4-year-olds complementing earlier findings of a delayed production of the unaccented auch compared to the accented one. But in contrast to previous studies showing that children have problems interpreting sentences with accented and unaccented auch, we found indications for adult-like comprehension in an eye-tracking experiment by children from 3 years on. These results reflect early availability of adult-like linguistic competence with respect to both auch-variants which does not always lead to adult-like performance. This variation in children's performance across tasks is considered to be due to additional modality and task specific constraints. Development in this area thus reflects not a change in underlying knowledge, but rather a change in the constraints on its behavioral manifestation.

Germany 2009 Linguistics developmental Tobii eye tracking 1750 language production acquisition comprehension german auch also children

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
A well-known finding in the literature on language acquisition is that English-speaking children as old as 6 frequently misinterpret object pronouns as co-referring with the local referential subject. However, the percentage of errors with respect to this so-called Delay of Principle B Effect (DPBE) varies substantially across studies. Conroy, Takahashi, Lidz and Phillips (2009) showed that in English the DPBE disappears when an elaborate context is presented in which the correct referent and the correct sentence interpretation are made accessible. They conclude from this that English-speaking children possess knowledge of Principle B but are hindered by a discourse context in which the potential referents and interpretations are not appropriately balanced. A similar disappearance of the DPBE was shown for Dutch by Spenader, Smits and Hendriks (2009). However, rather than presenting children with an elaborate context, they used a short introductory sentence that unambiguously established the correct referent as the discourse topic. They interpret their results as indicating that children’s grammar underdetermines the interpretation of pronouns. Because children’s interpretations only conform to Principle B if the discourse structure provides a clear topic, they conclude that children’s comprehension of pronouns is sensitive to discourse structure and that children are actually helped by the discourse. ...

Netherlands 2009 eye tracking Tobii T120 Linguistic language acquisition comprehension pronouns

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
This study aims to investigate the effects of event type (concepts represented by the graph) in graph comprehension with three graph types (line, bar, area) and two graph designs (linear, round) by means of two different task types (trend assessment, discrete comparison). A novel round graph type was designed for that purpose. Five hypotheses were investigated: H1: Graph type affects comparison strategies; H2: Event type affects comparison strategies; H3: Graph design affects comparison strategies; H4: Graph design and event type interact; H5: Task type affects comparison strategies. As a method to collect data on subjects' graph perception and comprehension, behavioral (recollected values, word preferences in the description task) and eye-tracking data (scan paths, gaze length, number of fixation, fixation duration and number of transitions) were collected. As an outcome of this thesis, while the event type and the task type seemed to affect the graph comprehension, the effect of graph type, the graph design and interaction between graph design and event type were partially observed. These results point out that although round and linear graph designs are informationally equivalent, the round graphs are computationally better suited than linear graphs for the interpretation of cyclic concepts. However, grasping trend information for the linear events and making discrete comparisons were achieved with the same effort in both graph designs. This result is not trivial at all, given the fact that participants were not familiar with the round graph design and were confronted with them in this experiment for the first time.

Turkey 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 Studio graph comprehension type line bar area linear round task cognitive Behavioral psychology

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
For a single operator to effectively control multiple robots, operator situation awareness is a critical component of the human-robot system. There are three levels of situation awareness: perception, comprehension, and projection into the future [1]. We focus on the perception level to develop a theoretic model of the perceptual-cognitive processes underlying situation awareness. Eye movement measures were developed as indicators of cognitive processing and these measures were used to account for operator situation awareness on a supervisory control task. The eye movement based model emphasizes the importance of visual scanning and attention allocation as the cognitive processes that lead to operator situation awareness and the model lays the groundwork for real-time prediction of operator situation awareness.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 control awareness perception comprehension projection human-robot system cognitive Behavioral psychology

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
Two recent studies ([Johnson et al., 2005] and [Perez-Leroux, 2005]) found that English- and Spanish-learning children do not show the ability to use verb inflection as a cue to subject number before the age of 5 to 6 years. These findings suggest an asymmetric development as verb inflections are usually correctly produced before this age.
In the present study we investigated whether German 3- to 4-year-olds take advantage of the information provided by the verb inflection in sentence comprehension. In a first study, children's looking behavior at two pictures was measured after presentation of a sentence in which the subject number was coded only by the verb inflection. The results from this study suggest that children's looks reflect correct interpretation of the sentences and thus show their ability to make use of verb inflection. In a second experiment, preferential looking was combined with an additional task in which the children had to point to the matching picture. In this case children did not perform above chance level.
Our results underline the relevance that specific task demands have on the performance of children in comprehension testing. These have to be accounted for when interpreting findings on production and comprehension asymmetries in language acquisition.

Germany 2010 eye tracking Tobii 1750 Linguistic comprehension production verb inflection language acquisition

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
We discuss the idea of text responsive to reading and argue that the combination of eye tracking, text and real time interaction offers various possibilities to en- hance the reading experience. We present a number of prototypes and applications facilitating the user's gaze in order to assist comprehension difficulties and show their benefit in a preliminary evaluation.

Germany 2010 Tobii eye tracking X120 text 2.0 reading experience applications comprehension interaction HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This study presents an analysis of the effect of different graph types on the comprehension of cyclic events. The results indicated that although round and linear graph designs are informationally equivalent, the round graphs are computationally better suited than linear graphs for the interpretation of cyclic concepts.

Turkey 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 graph comprehension cyclic round types linear interpretation understanding cognitive Behavioral psychology

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
Eye-tracking equipment is used to assess how well a subject comprehends UML class diagrams. The results of a study are presented in which eye movements are captured in a non-obtrusive manner as users performed various comprehension tasks on UML class diagrams. The goal of the study is to identify specific characteristics of UML class diagrams, such as layout, color, and stereotype usage that are most effective for supporting a given task. Results indicate subjects have a variation in the eye movements (i.e., how the subjects navigate the diagram) depending on their UML expertise and software-design ability to solve the given task. Layouts with additional semantic information about the design were found to be most effective and the use of class stereotypes seems to play a substantial role in comprehension of these diagrams.

USA 2007 Cognitive Behavioral Tobii eye tracking 1750 comprehension UML diagram task characteristics experience ability

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

Chapter 3
This chapter describes and evaluates the use of eyetracking methods to study the development of spoken language production and comprehension. The emphasis will be on understanding the chain of inferences, or linking assumptions, researchers commonly make when going from measurements of eye position to conclusions about attention, reference and sentence parsing. It is argued that to a large extent these assumptions are reasonable, though care is needed when disentangling developmental changes in visual-attention from developmental changes in language processing abilities.

USA 2008 linguistics Tobii eye tracking 1750 spoken language production comprehension inferences assumptions attention reference

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
This study examined participants’ comprehension of Web privacy policies when the information from the policy had to be recalled from memory or when participants were able to view the policy while searching for the answers to specific questions. Eye-gaze data were analyzed to examine where users focus their attention when reading privacy policies and searching for information in them. Overall, participants showed poor comprehension of the information conveyed in the privacy policies even though they were written at the participants’ level of education. When searching for information in the privacy policies, participants relied on the listing of individual sections provided at the beginning of a privacy policy, when available. When the listing of sections was not available, participants skimmed the entire policy, examining the headings and first few words of each paragraph to determine whether the sections or paragraphs were likely to contain the information for which they were searching.

USA 2007 Linguistic Tobii eye tracking comprehension web privacy policies recall search attention focus

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
The use of eye movements in reading research is explained in a case study on the influence of bold type font and bullet lists on the comprehension of short explanatory texts. The article focuses on how meaningful reading times can be calculated from eye movements and discusses the software Fixation which allows for easy analysis of eye movements and data preparation for statistical testing.

Netherlands 2006 Dutch Linguistics Tobii reading bold font bullet comprehension eye tracking fixation measure

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
Graphs are often accompanied by text, i.e. linguistically coded information, augmenting the information presented diagrammatically. Thus, graph comprehension by humans often constitutes comprehension and integration of information provided by different representational modalities, namely graphical elements and verbal constituents. In this study we focus on textual annotations to line graphs providing information about events, processes and their temporal properties as well as temporal relations about the events and processes in question. We present results of an experimental investigation on parameters which influence subject’s interpretations concerning the temporal properties of the annotated events and on eye movement behavior. In particular, we discuss the role of graph shape and the role of graphical means for relating textual annotations and determined parts of the graph line.

Germany 2008 comprehension annotations Linguistic graphic interpret design annotation eye tracking Tobii 1750

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
Infants growing up bilingual provide a unique window into how the language environment interacts with word learning and word comprehension mechanisms. The present studies used a preferential looking paradigm to investigate monolingual and bilingual 18-month-old infants’ responses to familiar and novel words. Monolinguals and bilinguals both responded to familiar words with increased attention to the target object. Both groups also showed the mutual exclusivity effect in response to a novel word, by increasing attention to an unfamiliar object. However, while monolinguals showed a linear pattern of increasing attention to the unfamiliar object over time, bilingual infants initially increased attention to the distracter and only later increased attention to the unfamiliar object. These results suggest that monolingual and bilinguals infants use a different processing strategy in demonstrating the mutual exclusivity effect, which may arise from differences in lexical knowledge and organization. The results support the view that differences in early linguistic experience can affect emerging word learning constraints.

Canada 2006 language bilingual learning comprehension monolingual attention Tobii eye tracking 1750 ClearView

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
The mouse and keyboard currently serve as the predominant means of passing information from user to computer. Direct manipulation of objects via the mouse was a breakthrough in the design of more natural and intuitive user interfaces for computers. However, in real life we have a rich set of communication methods at our disposal; when interacting with others, we, for example, interpret their gestures, expressions, and eye movements. This information can be used also when moving human-computer interaction toward the more natural and effective. In particular, the focus of the user s attention could often be a valuable source of information. The focus of this work is on examining the benefits and limitations in using the information acquired from a user s eye movements in the human­computer interface. For this purpose, we developed an example application, iDict. The application assists the reader of an electronic document written in a foreign language by tracking the reader s eye movements and providing assistance automatically when the reader seems to be in need of help. The dissertation is divided into three parts. The first part presents the physiological and psychological basics behind the measurement of eye movements, and we also provide a survey of both the applications that make use of eye tracking and the relevant research into eye movements during reading. The second section introduces the iDict application, from both the user s and the implementer s point of view. Finally, the work presents the experiments that were performed either to inform design decisions or to test the performance of the application. This work is proof that gaze-aware applications can be more pleasing and effective than traditional application interfaces. The human visual system imposes limits on the accuracy of eye tracking, which is why we, for example, are unable to narrow down with certainty the reader s focus of gaze to a target word. This work demonstrates, however, that errors in interpreting the focus of visual attent

Finland 2006 Tobii eye tracking 1750 attention interface reading iDict comprehension gaze-aware

in list: HCI & Usability

Background: Language delay is one of the core symptoms of autism, but traditional linguistic tests may be too difficult for low-functioning children. With eye-tracking, we can test language comprehension using simpler, more passive tasks.
Objectives: Study 1 explores whether eye-tracking can be used to test children’s comprehension of nouns. Study 2 investigates the comprehension of verbs and the ability to use verbs to anticipate a direct object.
Methods: Children (ages 2;11-6;0) with and without autism participated in these experiments; within the autism group, there was a wide range of language abilities on the PPVT. Each child completed the PPVT, while the parent filled out a shortened version of the MCDI. The children then sat in front of the TOBii eye-tracker, which recorded their eye-movements as they looked at two pictures while listening to prerecorded sentences. In Study 1, the sentence said “Look at the [target word]!”, while in Study 2, the verb varied, sometimes biasing toward the target noun (“Drink the coffee!”) and sometimes remaining ambiguous (“Touch the milk!”). Analyses were conducted to examine looking-time and latency to look at the target picture.
Results: Both Study 1 and Study 2 showed that children look longer at the target picture than at the foil, but only for words that parents reported as known (MCDI). Study 2 also demonstrated that typically-developing children were able to use the semantics of verbs to predict the direct object, resulting in a shorter latency to target noun, while the children with autism did not show this pattern, regardless of PPVT score.
Conclusions: Eye-tracking may be a promising way to test language comprehension in children with autism. Further, it may elucidate ways in which children with autism may have impaired processing, such as their lack of anticipatory looking in response to verbs.

Children Infant comprehension Linguistic autism eye tracking USA 2008 Tobii

in list: Developmental Research

Abstract
A number of research challenges in the area of program comprehension are presented. The expressiveness and effectiveness of program comprehension are discussed, and research directions
are organized along these two axes. Both fundament research issues are raised along with new applications for program comprehension methods. The work advocates the investigation of better measures, further empirical studies, and controlled experiments to assess
the effectiveness of program comprehension techniques

Expressiveness Effectiveness Program Comprehension eye tracking USA 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
Program comprehension processes have previously been studied
using methodologies such as think-aloud or comprehension summary
analysis. Eye-tracking, however, has not been previously
widely applied to studies of behavioral aspects of programming.
We present a study in which program comprehension was investigated
with a help of a remote eye-tracker. Novice and intermediate
programmers used a program visualization tool to aid their comprehension while the location of fixations, fixation durations and attention switching between the areas of interest were recorded.
In this paper 1) we propose an approach how to investigate trends
in repeated-measures sparse-data of few cases captured by an eyetracker and 2) using this technique, we characterize the development of program comprehension strategies during dynamic program visualization with help of eye-movement data.

eye-movement tracking methodology psychology of programming program comprehension visualization eye Finland 2006 Tobii

in list: Eye Tracking Technology