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ABSTRACT
Web sites need fast and effective navigation systems. An eye tracking laboratory study with n = 120 participants was conducted to compare the influence of different navigation designs (vertical versus dynamic menus) and task complexity (simple versus complex navigation tasks) on user performance, navigation strategy, and subjective preference. With vertical menus, users needed less eye fixations, were faster and more successful. We conclude that, firstly, vertical menus fit better to perception and cognition than dynamic menus, where the navigation items are hidden and must be accessed by an additional mouse click. Secondly, navigation systems should be extended with different kinds of navigation items adapted to the complexity of the users’ navigation tasks, because users tend to switch their navigation strategy when confronted with complex tasks.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking effective navigation vertical dynamic menus complexity performance preference strategy

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
We report on an experiment where the decision behavior of annotators issuing linguistic metadata is observed with an eyetracking device. As experimental conditions we consider the role of textual context and linguistic complexity classes. Still preliminary in nature, our data suggests that semantic complexity is much harder to deal with than syntactic one, and that full-scale textual context is negligible for annotation, with the exception of semantic high-complexity cases. We claim that such observational data might lay the foundation for empirically grounded annotation cost models and the design of cognitively adequate annotation user interfaces.

Germany 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 Linguistic decision behavior metadata textual context sytactic semantic complexity classes language

in list: Linguistics

Abstract
In the following empirical study the influence of hypertext structures on the processing of information will be examined using eye tracking data. It will be tested whether the organizational structure of hypertexts influences navigational behaviour. Moreover we want to find out whether the information architecture has an effect on the number and duration of fixations and reading comprehension. A source text on the topic of speed reading consisting of 597 words was converted into an axial and a networked hypertext. The subjects in this test series were 22 students of English and American studies from Graz University, who were all on the level of C1 according to the common European Framework of Reference. To sample the position of the user’s eye on an average of every 20 ms the Eye Tracker Tobii 1750 was used. The data were analyzed using the software program Clearview. The eye tracking data depicting scan paths and hot spot images of areas of highest fixation count suggest that prototypical hypertext structures trigger prototypical gaze patterns, which means that the order in which links and nodes received their first fixation was stable. The average dwell time in the defined areas of interest was lower in the network structure while the axial structure produced fewer regressive eye movements and caused fewer orientation problems. The presentation format did not significantly affect comprehension.

Linguistics Eye Tracking Influence Hypertext Structures Navigational Behavior Textual Complexity Austria 2008 Tobii 1750 ClearView

in list: Linguistics

Abstract
We tracked the eye movements of 18 students as they translated three short texts with different complexity levels under three different time constraints. Participants with touch typing skills were found to attend more to on-screen text than participants without touch typing skills. Time pressure was found to mainly affect fixations on the source text, and text complexity was found to only affect the number of fixations on the source text. Overall, it was found that average fixation duration was longer in the target text area than in the source text area.

cognition Input eye tracking fixation duration count translation time pressure text complexity Finland 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology