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ABSTRACT
In this paper, we firstly present what is
Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC)
and rapidly how we have combined this
artificial intelligence technique with an eyetracker
for visual optimization. Next, in order
to correctly parameterize our application, we
present results from applying data mining
techniques on gaze information coming from
experiments conducted on about 80 human
individuals.

France 2008 Pallez behavior model IEC Data Mining gaze Eye Tracking Tobii 1750

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
We analysed the eye-tracking data of 147 participants as they used a total of 15 separate website navigation menus to complete key activities. The hypotheses for this study were that (a) the psychological phenomenon of the order effect would manifest in that items at either end of a menu would be located more quickly than those in the middle and (b) that the items that were relevant to completing the user‘s tasks would be located more quickly through peripheral visual identification of these items. Although items relevant to the user‘s task were acquired 1.8 seconds faster on average, both of the hypotheses were rejected as no statistically significant patterns were found. It was concluded that each user was likely to have his or her own searching behaviour and this could be affected by other factors such as the graphic design of the menu.

UK 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking T60 order effect menu peripheral search behavior navigation

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Growing interest in canine cognition and visual perception has promoted research into the allocation of visual attention during free-viewing tasks in the dog. The techniques currently available to study this (i.e. preferential looking) have, however, lacked spatial accuracy, permitting only gross judgments of the location of the dog's point of gaze and are limited to a laboratory setting. Here we describe a mobile, head-mounted, video-based, eye-tracking system and a procedure for achieving standardized calibration allowing an output with accuracy of 2–3°.
The setup allows free movement of dogs; in addition the procedure does not involve extensive training skills, and is completely non-invasive. This apparatus has the potential to allow the study of gaze patterns in a variety of research applications and could enhance the study of areas such as canine vision, cognition and social interactions.
Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T04-51FGSTH-4&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F11%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1561365621&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c2501dc1fba39f0b6e702a0c6210ba65&searchtype=a

UK 2010 eye tracking animal behavior canine cognition visual perception attention apparatus

ABSTRACT
In serial memory for spatial information, performance is impaired when distractors are interpolated between to-be-remembered (TBR) stimuli (Tremblay, Nicholls, Parmentier, & Jones, 2005). The so-called sandwich effect, combined with the use of eye tracking, served as a tool for examining the role of the oculomotor system in serial memory for spatial information. Participants had to recall the order in which sequences of TBR locations were presented. In some trials, to-be-ignored blue dots were presented after each TBR location. Our results show that response locations shift toward the location of the distractors, and this deviation is related to the eye movement deviation toward the distractor location. These results suggest that TBR and to-be-ignored locations are encoded onto a common map that could lie within the oculomotor system. Interference in memory for spatial information is interpreted in light of a model of oculomotor behavior (Godijn & Theeuwes, 2002b).

Canada 2010 opthalmology vision science Tobii eye tracking 1750 serial memory spatial information distraction performance oculomotor behavior

in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science

ABSTRACT
The affective component has been acknowledged as critical to understand information search behavior and user–computer interactions. There is a lack of studies that analyze the emotions that the user feels when searching for information about products with search engines. The present study analyzes the emotional outcomes of the online search process, taking into account the user’s (a) perceptions of success and effort exerted on the search process, (b) initial affective state, and (c) emotions felt during the search process. In addition, we identify profiles of online searchers based on the emotional outcomes of the search process, which allow us to differentiate the emotional processes and behavioral patterns that lead to such emotions. The results of the study stress the importance of the affective component of the online search behavior, given that these emotional outcomes are likely to influence all the subsequent actions that users perform on the Web.

Spain 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking T60 search engines behavior effort emotion affect

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Attention has often been conceived as the gateway to consciousness. However, recent research points to the independence of top-down or endogenous attention and conscious perception, while the role of bottom-up or exogenous attention in conscious perception remains largely unexplored. Here, we present behavioural and electrophysiological evidence exploring the role of exogenous attention in conscious perception. Using peripheral non-informative cues, exogenous attention was oriented either to the same location of a near-threshold target (valid cues), or to the opposite location (invalid cues). Confirming previous research, consciously perceived targets elicited a larger P300 than unseen targets. Importantly, analysis of cue-locked potentials revealed the novel finding that there was a systematic relationship between the amplitude of a P100 component elicited by the cues and the conscious perception of the targets. Valid cues led to the conscious perception of the subsequent targets when they captured attention to their location, as indexed by the P100 component distributed over occipito-parietal areas. On the other hand, invalid cues led to the conscious perception of the subsequent targets only when they failed to capture attention at their location (opposite to the target location). These results suggest that exogenous orienting plays a crucial role in conscious perception.

France 2010 Neuropsychology Tobii eye tracking 1750 attention conscious perception exogenous behavior electrophysiological cues event-related potentials

in list: Neuropsychology

ABSTRACT
Multimodal interaction in everyday life seems so effortless. However, a closer look reveals that such interaction is indeed complex and comprises multiple levels of coordination, from high-level linguistic exchanges to low-level couplings of momentary bodily movements both within an agent and across multiple interacting agents. A better understanding of how these multimodal behaviors are coordinated can provide insightful principles to guide the development of intelligent multimodal interfaces. In light of this, we propose and implement a research framework in which human participants interact with a virtual agent in a virtual environment. Our platform allows the virtual agent to keep track of the user’s gaze and hand movements in real time, and adjust his own behaviors accordingly. An experiment is designed and conducted to investigate adaptive user behaviors in a human-agent joint attention task. Multimodal data streams are collected in the study including speech, eye gaze, hand and head movements from both the human user and the virtual agent, which are then analyzed to discover various behavioral patterns. Those patterns show that human participants are highly sensitive to momentary multimodal behaviors generated by the virtual agent and they rapidly adapt their behaviors accordingly. Our results suggest the importance of studying and understanding real-time adaptive behaviors in human-computer multimodal interactions.

USA 2010 HCI Tobii eye tracking 1750 interact virtual adjust behavior patterns human-computer

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a method and system for predicting the behavior of an audience based on the biologically based responses of the audience to a presentation that provides a sensory stimulating experience and determining a measure of the level and pattern of engagement of that audience to the presentation. In particular, the invention is directed to a method and system for predicting whether an audience is likely to view a presentation in its entirety. In addition, the present invention may be used to determine the point at which an audience is likely to change their attention to an alternative sensory stimulating experience including fast forwarding through recorded content, changing the channel or leaving the room when viewing live content, or otherwise redirecting their engagement from the sensory stimulating experience.

USA 2010 Patents Tobii eye tracking predicting behavior biologically engagement complete stimulation sensory

in list: Patents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Europeana’s priority as it moves towards a fully operational service is to provide access to Europe’s heritage in ways that engage and satisfy users.
A principal objective of Europeana.eu is to engage young people, both in the course of their learning experience and for personal enrichment. In the swift current of online innovation, theirs are the needs and expectations that change most rapidly. Consequently, in order to define the user requirements for the fully operational service, Europeana focused on detailed qualitative analyses of user behaviour, paying particular attention to students.
Six focus groups were convened, comprising a total of 77 participants in four European countries. Two of the focus groups took place in an international school in Amsterdam, the Netherlands; in Sofia, Bulgaria they were held in a secondary school and a school of applied arts. There was also one for university students in Fermo, Italy and one for university library and teaching staff with representatives of the general public in Glasgow, Scotland.
Studies were also run in Media Labs. These tests used eye-tracking and close observation of 12 subjects to derive empirical evidence of their response to Europeana’s navigation and usability. This is one of the first studies published in the digital library context in which eye tracking combined with analysis of user behaviour and feedback have been used to refine the vision of what users want.
The results of the studies inform the design and functionality of the operational Europeana. In addition, and of value to the marketing and communications initiatives, the studies have helped define the benefits sought by primary target segments, what promotional messages they would respond to, and how these should be delivered to them.

EU 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking X50 user behavior qualitative navigation analysis feedback

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an exploratory empirical study about users’ reception and usage behavior with interactive information graphics. 14 participants took part in the study. We assume users to act interest-driven. Therefore no explicit tasks were assigned to participants. In order not to distract the user, retrospective thinking aloud was employed. Results show that (1) usage durations were heterogeneous between users and between different types of interactive information graphics; (2) users tended to watch introductory animations; (3) initial orientation without interaction on the first content screen (after intro) was rather long with 23 seconds on average; (4) story-based approaches seem to motivate users but might lead to less intensive reception of information; (5) several reception and usage problems have been identified regarding information presentation and interaction. Interactive information graphics tend to overwhelm users with too much information and disregard well-known principles and rules of the old media and web design.

UK 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 reception behavior usage interactive information graphics

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
We report on an experiment where the decision behavior of annotators issuing linguistic metadata is observed with an eyetracking device. As experimental conditions we consider the role of textual context and linguistic complexity classes. Still preliminary in nature, our data suggests that semantic complexity is much harder to deal with than syntactic one, and that full-scale textual context is negligible for annotation, with the exception of semantic high-complexity cases. We claim that such observational data might lay the foundation for empirically grounded annotation cost models and the design of cognitively adequate annotation user interfaces.

Germany 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 Linguistic decision behavior metadata textual context sytactic semantic complexity classes language

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
A study based on Google and Yahoo! page results using eye tracker technique is presented. Participants (n=58) attempted informational, navigational, transactional or multimedia tasks. Sessions were recorded with an eye tracker to determine whether the intention behind queries affects the way people browse the results page. Eye fixations in title, snippet, url and images were analyzed in the three first organic and sponsored results. In general terms, the results demonstrate that a relationship exists between the users' intention and their behavior when they browse the results page. Knowing this behavior is important for search engine designers because they can improve their results pages depending on the users' query intentions.

Spain Spanish 2010 Tobii eye tracking T120 intention expectation search engine behavior Information retrieval browse navigate HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Following information scent has been established as a metaphor to describe a user's behaviour while navigating an information space by successively selecting hyperlinks. This metaphor suggests that users assess the profitability of following a particular hyperlink based on its perceived semantic association with their goal. The purpose of this paper is to study how information scent, this important attribute of hypermedia navigability, influences concurrently four aspects of users' behaviour while exploring a website: (1) distribution of attention; (2) confidence in choice of link; (3) efficiency; and (4) effectiveness. It was found that in webpages with high scent, users were significantly more focused, confident of their choices, efficient and effective compared to webpages with ambiguous scent. The findings of the study are discussed in comparison with results obtained from a previously conducted analysis using InfoScent Evaluator (ISEtool), a tool that has been proposed to facilitate scent evaluation of websites. This comparison provided support for the effectiveness of ISEtool in indicating potential scent-related navigability problems. We argue that such a tool-based approach can facilitate hypermedia design by reducing the resources and expertise required, and by providing the necessary flexibility for practitioners.

Greece 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 website navigation HCI Usability behavior attention efficiency effectiveness

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This research investigated several important issues in using implicit feedback techniques to assist searchers with difficulties in formulating effective search strategies. It focused on examining the relationship between types of behavioral evidence that can be captured from Web searches and searchers' interests. A carefully crafted observation study was conducted to capture, examine, and elucidate the analytical processes and work practices of human analysts when they simulated the role of an implicit feedback system by trying to infer searchers' interests from behavioral traces. Findings provided rare insight into the complexities and nuances in using behavioral evidence for implicit feedback and led to the proposal of an implicit feedback model for Web search that bridged previous studies on behavioral evidence and implicit feedback measures. A new level of analysis termed an analytical lens emerged from the data and provides a road map for future research on this topic.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 ClearView Google feedback searchers search strategies behavior HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Personalization of information retrieval tailors search towards individual users to meet their particular information needs by taking into account information about users and their contexts, often through implicit sources of evidence such as user behaviors. Task types have been shown to influence search behaviors including usefulness judgments. This paper reports on an investigation of user behaviors associated with different task types. Twenty-two undergraduate journalism students participated in a controlled lab experiment, each searching on four tasks which varied on four dimensions: complexity, task product, task goal and task level. Results indicate regular differences associated with different task characteristics in several search behaviors, including task completion time, decision time (the time taken to decide whether a document is useful or not), and eye fixations, etc. We suggest these behaviors can be used as implicit indicators of the user’s task type.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 personalization retrieval search task type determination behavior HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a detection algorithm that allows automatic classification of hypermetric and hypometric oculomotor plant behavior in cases when saccadic behavior of the oculomotor plant is assessed during the course of the step stimulus. Such behavior can be classified with a number of oculomotor plant metrics represented by the number of overshoots, undershoots, corrected undershoots/overshoots, multi-corrected overshoots/undershoots. The algorithm presented in this paper allows for the automated classification of nine oculomotor plant metrics including dynamic overshoots and express saccades. Data from sixty-five human subjects were used to support this experimental study. The performance of the proposed algorithm was tested and compared to manual classification methods resulting in a detection accuracy of up to 72% for several of the oculomotor plant metrics.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking X120 detection algorithm classifcation oculomotor saccade behavior vision

in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science

ABSTRACT
A key problem in information retrieval is inferring the searcher's interest in the results, which can be used for implicit feedback, query suggestion, and result ranking and summarization. One important indicator of searcher interest is gaze position - that is, the results or the terms in a result listing where a searcher concentrates her attention. Capturing this information normally requires eye tracking equipment, which until now has limited the use of gaze-based feedback to the laboratory. While previous research has reported a correlation between mouse movement and gaze position, we are not aware of previous work on automatically inferring searcher's gaze position from mouse movement or similar interface interactions. In this paper, we report the first results on automatically inferring whether the searcher's gaze position is coordinated with the mouse position - a crucial step towards predicting the searcher gaze position from the computer mouse movements.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking T120 coordination control mouse gaze search behavior results agree HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
World Wide Web is developing with the increasing demands of the users and the search engines are becoming an indispensable tool in order to find information in Internet. While web is developing day by day, people require adapting themselves to the developing conditions rapidly. Also, the intensive workload requires that people should use the time properly. Using search engines effectively turns out to be a vital. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible search behavior of the users by using eye-tracking device. With this study, it may be possible to observe the participants' searching strategies while searching for a specific key word and seeking the related results for a subject. The results showed that, many of the participants had problems while using this search engine as they were not familiar with it. Almost all of the participants had a centralized approach while searching specific information in an unfamiliar search engine. Participants' fixation duration times and the hotspot data supported this result. Also, icon based approach was very common between participants that they tended to look at the bigger and colored icons more than the other icons.

France 2007 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking ClearView search engine behavior strategies icons

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Navigating using an endoscope in intra- or extra-lumenal surgical procedures can be difficult. One of the main reasons why this is difficult is operator disorientation. Operator disorientation can result from a number of factors including a lack of navigational cues, cognitive overload and restricted field of view of the endoscope. These result in decreased operator awareness of surroundings and the endoscope location in space. It is important to try to prevent operation disorientation in endoscopic procedures; however, it is equally important to efficiently and correctly re-orientate when disoriented to ensure safe surgery. It is likely that as endoscopic procedures are carried out extralumenally in greater spatial environments than the gastrointestinal tract, such as in natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), disorientation will become more of a problem, placing greater emphasis on the abilities of the operator to re-orientate efficiently.
The hypothesis is that when humans are disoriented there exist discrete patterns in psychophysical visual behaviour used to re-orientate themselves in this simulated NOTES environment. These patterns are associated with increased performance and can be quantified or described. Should this be the case, it would seem possible that these strategies may be taught to re-orientate more effectively during minimally invasive surgery thereby critically minimising danger to the patient should the operator becomes disoriented.

UK 2009 Medical Tobii eye tracking strategies endoscope endoscopic procedure orientation patterns psychophysical visual behavior

in list: Medical research

ABSTRACT
In face-to-face conversations, speakers are continuously checking whether the listener is engaged in the conversation. When the listener is not fully engaged in the conversation, the speaker changes the conversational contents or strategies. With the goal of building a conversational agent that can control conversations with the user in such an adaptive way, this study analyzes the user’s gaze behaviors and proposes a method for predicting whether the user is engaged in the conversation based on gaze transition 3-Gram patterns. First, we conducted a Wizard-of-Oz experiment to collect the user’s gaze behaviors as well as the user’s subjective reports and an observer’s judgment concerning the user’s interest in the conversation. Next, we proposed an engagement estimation algorithm that estimates the user’s degree of engagement from gaze transition patterns. This method takes account of individual differences in gaze patterns. The algorithm is implemented as a real-time engagement-judgment mechanism, and the results of our evaluation experiment showed that our method can predict the user’s conversational engagement quite well.

Japan 2008 cognitive behavior conversation engagement Tobii X120 eye tracking

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology