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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Europeana’s priority as it moves towards a fully operational service is to provide access to Europe’s heritage in ways that engage and satisfy users.
A principal objective of Europeana.eu is to engage young people, both in the course of their learning experience and for personal enrichment. In the swift current of online innovation, theirs are the needs and expectations that change most rapidly. Consequently, in order to define the user requirements for the fully operational service, Europeana focused on detailed qualitative analyses of user behaviour, paying particular attention to students.
Six focus groups were convened, comprising a total of 77 participants in four European countries. Two of the focus groups took place in an international school in Amsterdam, the Netherlands; in Sofia, Bulgaria they were held in a secondary school and a school of applied arts. There was also one for university students in Fermo, Italy and one for university library and teaching staff with representatives of the general public in Glasgow, Scotland.
Studies were also run in Media Labs. These tests used eye-tracking and close observation of 12 subjects to derive empirical evidence of their response to Europeana’s navigation and usability. This is one of the first studies published in the digital library context in which eye tracking combined with analysis of user behaviour and feedback have been used to refine the vision of what users want.
The results of the studies inform the design and functionality of the operational Europeana. In addition, and of value to the marketing and communications initiatives, the studies have helped define the benefits sought by primary target segments, what promotional messages they would respond to, and how these should be delivered to them.

EU 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking X50 user behavior qualitative navigation analysis feedback

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Analyzing gaze behavior with dynamic stimulus material is of growing importance in experimental psychology; however, there is still a lack of efficient analysis tools that are able to handle dynamically changing areas of interest. In this article, we present DynAOI, an open-source tool that allows for the definition of dynamic areas of interest. It works automatically with animations that are based on virtual three-dimensional models. When one is working with videos of real-world scenes, a three-dimensional model of the relevant content needs to be created first. The recorded eye-movement data are matched with the static and dynamic objects in the model underlying the video content, thus creating static and dynamic areas of interest. A validation study asking participants to track particular objects demonstrated that DynAOI is an efficient tool for handling dynamic areas of interest.

Germany 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 dynamic AOI area-of-interest analysis 3d model

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a set of qualitative and quantitative scores designed to assess performance of any eye movement classification algorithm. The scores are designed to provide a foundation for the eye tracking researchers to communicate about the performance validity of various eye movement classification algorithms. The paper concentrates on the five algorithms in particular: Velocity Threshold Identification (I-VT), Dispersion Threshold Identification (I-DT), Minimum Spanning Tree Identification (MST), Hidden Markov Model Identification (I-HMM) and Kalman Filter Identification (I-KF). The paper presents an evaluation of the classification performance of each algorithm in the case when values of the input parameters are varied. Advantages provided by the new scores are discussed. Discussion on what is the "best" classification algorithm is provided for several applications. General recommendations for the selection of the input parameters for each algorithm are provided.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking X120 algorithm analysis classification metrics scoring performance evaluation

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

ABSTRACT
A desktop tool for replay and analysis of gaze-enhanced multiparty virtual collaborative sessions is described. We linked three CAVETM-like environments, creating a multiparty collaborative virtual space where avatars are animated with 3D gaze as well as head and hand motions in real time. Log files are recorded for subsequent playback and analysis using the proposed software tool. During replaying the user can rotate the viewpoint and navigate in the simulated 3D scene. The playback mechanism relies on multiple distributed log files captured at every site. This structure enables an observer to experience latencies of movement and information transfer for every site as this is important for conversation analysis. Playback uses an event-replay algorithm, modified to allow fast traversal of the scene by selective rendering of nodes, and to simulate fast random access. The tool’s analysis module can show each participant’s 3D gaze points and areas where gaze has been concentrated.

UK 2008 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking avatars virtual 3d navigate tool replay analysis

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
Characterizing the location and extent of a viewer's interest, in terms of eye movement recordings, informs a range of investigations in image and scene viewing. We present an automatic data-driven method for accomplishing this, which clusters visual point-of-regard (POR) measurements into gazes and regions-of-interest using the mean shift procedure. Clusters produced using this method form a structured representation of viewer interest, and at the same time are replicable and not heavily influenced by noise or outliers. Thus, they are useful in answering fine-grained questions about where and how a viewer examined an image.

eye tracking movement analysis measures of visual interest clustering mean shift USA 2004

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

ABSTRACT
The process of fixation identification—separating and labeling fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols—is an essential part of eye-movement data analysis and can have a dramatic impact on higher-level analyses. However, algorithms for performing fixation identification are often described informally and rarely compared in a meaningful way. In this paper we propose a taxonomy of fixation identification algorithms that classifies algorithms in terms of how they utilize spatial and temporal information in eye-tracking
protocols. Using this taxonomy, we describe five algorithms that are representative of different classes in the taxonomy and are based on commonly employed techniques. We then evaluate and compare these algorithms with respect to a number of qualitative characteristics. The results of these comparisons offer interesting implications for the use of the various algorithms in future work.

Fixation identification eye tracking data analysis Algorithms USA 2000

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

Introduction
The growing interest in using eye-movements for human-computer interaction has also increased the need for tools to investigate and analyse the behavior of human eyes [1]. First such tools were developed around the same time when the first eye trackers became available. However, these tools were bound to the structure of data produced by a specific eye tracker, and thus each tool supported only the eye tracker for which it was developed. This hampered introduction of next-generation devices and required a lot of effort to transfer the functionality of the tools developed to new platforms. Nowadays, there are many commercial and academic products available for researchers in this field and the quality and accuracy of eye-tracking devices are constantly increasing. Several researchers have attempted developing tools for supporting analysis of the data recorded with different eye trackers [2, 3]. This way the same software could support different data protocols and formats. Meanwhile, several manufactures released eye trackers having protocols for data transfer and collection that can be recognized by some most intelligent and advanced gaze-data analysis tools. However, there is still a lack of effective tools to support various eye trackers in recording eye movements and using this data in real time. Despite the numerous methods developed for analysing and visualizing gaze paths, no universal tools are available yet to accomplish this. To fill in this gap, we developed iComponent - a software product with a highly flexible architecture for easy development of interchangeable plug-in modules to support various eye-tracking devices and experimental software. This paper describes the main functionality of iComponent related to gathering, analysis and visualization of eye gaze data. The presentation is organized in the following sequence. First, the login manager is introduced. Then, the paper describes the Quick Start wizard used to help the user prepare for a data recording or analysis session. Finally..

HCI Software Gaze Path Analysis and Tobii eye tracking Visualization Finland 2006

in list: HCI & Usability , General Eye Tracking

ABSTRACT
Eye tracking was used to measure visual attention of nine forensic document examiners (FDEs) and 12 control subjects on a blind signature comparison trial. Subjects evaluated 32 questioned signatures (16 genuine, eight disguised, and eight forged) which were compared, on screen, with four known signatures of the specimen provider while their eye movements, response times, and opinions were recorded. FDEs' opinions were significantly more accurate than controls, providing further evidence of FDE expertise. Both control and FDE subjects looked at signature features in a very similar way and the difference in the accuracy of their opinions can be accounted for by different cognitive processing of the visual information that they extract from the images. In a separate experiment the FDEs re-examined a reordered set of the same 32 questioned signatures. In this phase each signature was presented for only 100 msec to test if eye movements are relevant in forming opinions; performance significantly dropped, but not to chance levels indicating that the examination process comprises a combination of both global and local feature extraction strategies.

forensic science signature analysis document examination eye tracking movement cognition decision making Australia 2006 Tobii

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology , Linguistics

ABSTRACT:
This paper proposes combining traditional usability methods with the analysis of eye movement recordings to evaluate interactive map interfaces, and presents a case study in support of this approach. The case study evaluates two informationally equivalent, but differently designed online interactive map interfaces presented to novice users. In a mixed factorial experiment, thirty participants were asked to solve three typical map-use tasks using one of the two interfaces; we then measured user satisfaction, efficiency (completion time) and effectiveness (accuracy) with standard SEE usability metrics. While traditional (bottom line) usability metrics can reveal a range of usability problems, they may be enhanced by additional procedural measures such as eye movement recordings.
Eye movements have been shown to help reveal the amount of cognitive processing a display requires and where these cognitive resources are required. Therefore, we can establish how a display may or may not facilitate task completion by analyzing eye movement recordings. User satisfaction information related to tested stimuli (i.e., collected through standardized questionnaires) can also be linked to eye tracking data for further analysis. We hope that the presented methodology and case study will help cartographers and map interface designers to better identify design issues in their products,and that these insights will eventually lead to more effective and efficient online map interfaces.

HCI Geographic visualization human computer interaction eye movement analysis interactive maps interface evaluation tracking Zwitserland 2009 Tobii X120

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
The increase in usage of eyetracking technology to study text translation processes has revealed the need for effective tools for
visualization of the data collected. We propose a new method for gaze and keystroke data visualization. The visualization utilizes the preprocessed gaze data, where detected fixations are linked to the corresponding word in the text. The blocks of reading and typing processes are shown in parallel with details for each word presented in word bars. Reading or typing sequences provide insight into the temporal distribution of the subject’s activity, and highlighting pops up the unusual or attentionrequiring data and events.

gaze data analysis and keystroke visualization toword mapping eye tracking translation Finland 2008 Tobii

in list: Linguistics , Eye Control

ABSTRACT
Finding information by successively selecting hyperlinks on web pages is a typical task performed on websites. A number of web usability studies have provided important insights about how web visitors carry out a search, and have concluded that "following information scent" is the fundamental process involved in the behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the strength of information scent and web visitors'eye movements. Four web page types with different usability problems were considered. In an eyetracking experiment, eleven participants were asked to find an article on a simulated encyclopedia website by first selecting a heading from among nine provided headings, then selecting the appropriate topic link under the selected heading. The number of eye fixations, the duration of the fixations, and the task completion times were analyzed. The eye-tracking study reported in this paper added further insight to the knowledge gained from traditional web usability studies, in which visitors'performance are measured by the total number of clicks and task completion times. Website visitors'performance will not exhibit any differences in the initial heading selection stage irrespective of whether or not the pages have usability problems. However, performance will deteriorate in terms of the total number of fixations in the subsequent link selection stage when the web page has any kind of usability problem.

Download the full paper from the link below, in the folder; english/papers-e/ETRA2008.pdf
http://public.me.com/mkitajima

HCI LSA hierarchical information structure scent latent semantic analysis web usability eye tracking Japan 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
Intelligence analysts are bombarded with enormous volumes of imagery, which they must visually filter through to identify relevant areas of interest. Interpretation of such data is subject to error due to (1) large data volumes, implying the need for faster and more effective processing, and (2) misinterpretation, implying the need for enhanced analyst/system effectiveness. This paper outlines the Revolutionary Accelerated Processing Image Detection (RAPID) System, designed to significantly improve data throughput and interpretation by incorporating advancing neurophysiological technology to monitor processes associated with detection and identification of relevant target stimuli in a non-invasive and temporally precise manner. Specifically, this work includes the development of innovative electroencephalographic (EEG) and eye tracking technologies to detect and flag areas of interest, potentially without an analyst’s conscious intervention or motor responses, while detecting and mitigating problems with tacit knowledge, such as anchoring bias in real-time to reduce the possibility of human error.

Augmented Cognition electroencephalography eye tracking imagery analysis EEG USA 2007 Tobii X50

in list: Neuropsychology

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to explore the feasibility of using physiological indicators (i.e. eye-tracking and electroencephalography [EEG]) to drive identification of relevant areas of interest during imagery analysis. Results indicate that ocular fixations are longer when a target is believed to be present. Furthermore, the accuracy of correct identification of targets could be identified based on fixation duration, given that fixations were significantly longer when a target was actually present. In addition, by synching eye-tracking fixation points to EEG, fixation-locked event-related potentials (FLERPs) show potential for detecting distinctive patterns and scalp distributions for various types of fixations, which may be used to classify fixation points based on level of interest. This paper reports findings from a study and summarizes challenges and implications for constructing a system where eye tracking is used to drive EEG ERP evaluation of interest during a defined search task within complex static images.

HCI physiological EEG eye tracking imagery analysis 2008 Germany Tobii

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Capturing and analyzing the detailed eye movements of a user while reading a web page can reveal much about the ways in which web reading occurs. The WebGazeAnalyzer system described here is a remote-camera system, requiring no invasive head-mounted apparatus, giving test subjects a normal web use experience when performing web-based tasks. While many such systems have been used in the past to collect eye gaze data, WebGazeAnalyzer brings together several techniques for efficiently collecting, analyzing and re-analyzing eye gaze data. We briefly describe techniques for overcoming the inherent inaccuracies of such apparatus, illustrating how we do capture and analysis of eye gaze data for commercial web design problems. Techniques developed here include methods to group fixations along lines of text, and reading analysis to measure reading speed, regressions, and coverage of web page text.

HCI gaze reading detection registration eye tracking data analysis methods User Interfaces GUI Screen Design evaluation methodology USA 2005 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability