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ABSTRACT
With the advent of a digital economy, an emphasis on digital products and services has emerged. Those who are not using current technologies will become excluded, however, from this revolution. Older adults represent one such group in danger of exclusion. In some cases, older adults have been disinterested in new technologies. In other cases, however, the technologies fail to take into consideration the strengths and weaknesses of older users that would promote this usability. This paper examines components of information search by younger and older adults. These are considered in terms of long-term implications of designing for older users, with current problems viewed as foreshadowing future trends.

Scotland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking X120 age older adults information search design

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Motion parallax (MP) is a kinetic, monocular cue to depth that relies on both retinal image motion and a pursuit eye movement signal. With MP, depth sign is based on the direction of the smooth pursuit eye movement signal: Retinal motion in the same direction as the pursuit signal is perceived nearer than fixation. Retinal motion in the opposite direction is perceived farther away than fixation (M. Nawrot & Joyce, 2006). In previous research to understand the development of MP in infants we (E. Nawrot, Mayo, & M. Nawrot, 2009) used an infant control habituation procedure with an MP stimulus to determine the average age of dishabituation to a depth-reversed test stimulus. Dishabituation to the change in depth sign is evidence for depth discrimination from MP. Now, our goal is to determine when the developing smooth pursuit system has sufficiently matured in infancy and then directly measure pursuit eye movements in relation to a motion parallax task. We presented 12-20 week-old infants with both a depth-from-MP task and a visual tracking task designed to elicit smooth pursuit (SP). The MP stimulus and procedure is identical to previous research (E. Nawrot, Mayo, & M. Nawrot, 2009). Tracking is elicited with a schematic “happy-face” that translates at 10 deg/sec. Eye movements are recorded using a Tobii systems X120 Eye Tracker. We expect to find that SP gain (eye velocity/target velocity) increases across this age range and pursuit maturity will correlate with the onset of sensitivity to MP. Data collected from 16 infants so far supports the hypothesis that depth from MP requires maturation of SP. In general, younger infants demonstrate more saccadic and lower gain eye movements, without MP, while older infants demonstrate more smooth pursuit tracking of the stimulus and MP.

2010 USA Tobii eye tracking X120 motion parallax smooth pursuit age development velocity vision

in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science

ABSTRACT
Generation Y (age 18–31) is a very large and economically powerful generation, containing eighty-two million people and spending $200 billion annually. It is not surprising that companies are interested in gaining the patronage of this group, particularly via the web. Surprisingly, very little research into making web pages appealing to this important demographic has been done. This paper addresses this need through two separate studies. The first, an online survey, provides evidence that our proposed score for predicting the visual appeal of web pages reflects the self report measure of what pages Generation Y likes. To refine these findings, an eye tracking study is conducted using the pages that were most and least liked in Study I. Participants’ eye movement is tracked while browsing these pages, providing evidence of what attracts their attention. The results of these two studies suggest that Generation Y may prefer pages that include a main large image, images of celebrities, little text, and a search feature. This research has important implications.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 HCI Usability web design Generation Y visual appeal age e-commerce

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
The World Wide Web (Web) is changing. The much vaunted Web 2.0 sees once static pages evolving into hybrid applications. Content that was once simple is now becoming increasingly complicated due to the many updating components located throughout the page. The information overload and visual complexity of such components is significant. This increased complexity can produce lower performance and higher levels of stress and frustration which negatively effect the user. In previous work we have shown how galvanic skin response (GSR) measurements, collected in tandem with eye-tracking data, can be used as a method for determining how stressed users become when interacting with content. The results of that study demonstrated that when used appropriately, the presence of Web 2.0 content can reduce GSR measurements and be of benefit to users. In this work, the previous study was repeated with twenty-three older Web users to establish if similar patterns of interaction could be established. The results reveal that while older participants made use of dynamic content, unlike previous participants, they were a non-homogenous group with a large variance in the GSR measurements. We assert that a cause of this is hesitancy and therefore developing techniques to reduce hesitancy will benefit older users when interacting with Web 2.0 content.

UK 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 age user stress frustration web 2.0 performance decrease HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In simple tests of preference, infants as young as newborns prefer faces and face-like stimuli over distractors. Little is known, however, about the development of attention to faces in complex scenes. We recorded eye-movements of 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old infants and adults during free-viewing of clips from A Charlie Brown Christmas (an animated film). The tendency to look at faces increased with age. Using novel computational tools, we found that 3-month-olds were less consistent (across individuals) in where they looked than were older infants. Moreover, younger infants’ fixations were best predicted by low-level image salience, rather than the locations of faces. Between 3 and 9 months of age, infants gradually focused their attention on faces. We discuss several possible interpretations of this shift in terms of social development, cross-modal integration, and attentional/executive control.

USA 2008 developmental Tobii eye tracking ET-17 preference infants attention faces salience age perception

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
Demographic change demands new concepts for the support of computer work by aging employees. In particular, computer interaction presents a barrier due to a lack of experience and age-specific changes in performance. This article presents a study in which different input devices (mouse, touch screen and eyegaze input) were analyzed regarding their usability and according to age diversity. Furthermore, different Hybrid Interfaces that combine eye-gaze input with additional input devices were investigated.

Germany 2008 HCI Usability Tobii support demands age experience input device eye tracking

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
We investigated the neural processing underlying own-age versus other-age faces among 5-year-old children and adults, as well as the effect of orientation on face processing. Upright and inverted faces of 5-year-old children, adults, and elderly adults (> 75 years of age) were presented to participants while ERPs and eye tracking patterns were recorded concurrently. We found evidence for an own-age bias in children, as well as for predicted delayed latencies and larger amplitudes for inverted faces, which replicates earlier findings. Finally, we extend recent reports about an expert-sensitive component (P2) to other-race faces to account for similar effects in regard to other-age faces. We conclude that differences in neural activity are strongly related to the amount and quality of experience that participants have with faces of various ages. Effects of orientation are discussed in relation to the holistic hypothesis and recent data that compromise this view.

Developmental children face age Processing eye tracking bias orientation ERP Norway 2009 Tobii 1750

in list: Developmental Research

Abstract
An eye-tracking study of a prototype website was conducted with 10
younger adults (ages 20-39) and 10 older adults (ages 50-69) to determine if there are differences in how they scan webpages. They performed the same tasks on the website. On the average, the older adults spent 42% more time looking at the content of the pages than did the younger adults. They also spent 51% more time looking at the navigation areas. The pattern of fixations on almost all pages showed that the older adults looked at more parts of the page than did the younger adults. Implications for designing webpages that work
well for older adults are provided

HCI eye tracking web design usability age differences seniors older adults USA 2007 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability