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ABSTRACT
This study combined an event schema approach with top-down processing perspectives to investigate whether high-functioning children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) spontaneously attend to and remember context-relevant aspects of scenes. Participants read one story of story-pairs (e.g., burglary or tea party). They then inspected a scene (living room) of which some objects were relevant in that context, irrelevant (related to the non-emphasized event) or neutral (scene-schema related). During immediate and delayed recall, only the (TD) groups selectively recalled context-relevant objects, and significantly more context-relevant objects than the ASD groups. Gaze-tracking suggests that one factor in these memory differences may be diminished top-down effects of event schemas on initial attention (first ten fixations) to relevant items in ASD.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses and evaluates an agent model that is able to manipulate the visual attention of a human, in order to support naval crew. The agent model consists of four submodels, including a model to reason about a subject’s attention. The model was evaluated based on a practical case study which was formally analysed and verified using automated checking tools. Results show how a human subject’s attention is manipulated by adjusting luminance, based on assessment of the subject’s attention. These first evaluations of the agent show a positive effect.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
Current research increasingly suggests that spatial cognition in humans is accomplished by many specialized mechanisms, each designed to solve a particular adaptive problem. A major adaptive problem for our hominin ancestors, particularly females, was the need to efficiently gather immobile foods which could vary greatly in quality, quantity, spatial location and temporal availability. We propose a cognitive model of a navigational gathering adaptation in humans and test its predictions in samples from the US and Japan. Our results are uniformly supportive: the human mind appears equipped with a navigational gathering adaptation that encodes the location of gatherable foods into spatial memory. This mechanism appears to be chronically active in women and activated under explicit motivation in men.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
The success of MIS is coupled with an increasing demand on surgeons’ manual dexterity and visuomotor coordination due to the complexity of instrument manipulations. The use of master–slave surgical robots has avoided many of the drawbacks of MIS, but at the same time, has increased the physical separation between the surgeon and the patient. Tissue deformation combined with restricted workspace and visibility of an already cluttered environment can raise critical issues related to surgical precision and safety. Reconnecting the essential visuomotor sensory feedback is important for the safe practice of robot-assisted MIS procedures. This paper introduces a novel gaze-contingent framework for real-time haptic feedback and virtual fixtures by transforming visual sensory information into physical constraints that can interact with the motor sensory channel. We demonstrate how motor tracking of deforming tissue can be made more effective and accurate through the concept of Gaze-Contingent Motor Channelling. The method is also extended to 3D by introducing the concept of Gaze-Contingent Haptic Constraints where eye gaze is used to dynamically prescribe and update safety boundaries during robot-assisted MIS without prior knowledge of the soft-tissue morphology. Initial validation results on both simulated and robot assisted phantom procedures demonstrate the potential clinical value of the technique. In order to assess the associated cognitive demand of the proposed concepts, functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy is used and preliminary results are discussed.
in list: Medical research
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Europeana’s priority as it moves towards a fully operational service is to provide access to Europe’s heritage in ways that engage and satisfy users.
A principal objective of Europeana.eu is to engage young people, both in the course of their learning experience and for personal enrichment. In the swift current of online innovation, theirs are the needs and expectations that change most rapidly. Consequently, in order to define the user requirements for the fully operational service, Europeana focused on detailed qualitative analyses of user behaviour, paying particular attention to students.
Six focus groups were convened, comprising a total of 77 participants in four European countries. Two of the focus groups took place in an international school in Amsterdam, the Netherlands; in Sofia, Bulgaria they were held in a secondary school and a school of applied arts. There was also one for university students in Fermo, Italy and one for university library and teaching staff with representatives of the general public in Glasgow, Scotland.
Studies were also run in Media Labs. These tests used eye-tracking and close observation of 12 subjects to derive empirical evidence of their response to Europeana’s navigation and usability. This is one of the first studies published in the digital library context in which eye tracking combined with analysis of user behaviour and feedback have been used to refine the vision of what users want.
The results of the studies inform the design and functionality of the operational Europeana. In addition, and of value to the marketing and communications initiatives, the studies have helped define the benefits sought by primary target segments, what promotional messages they would respond to, and how these should be delivered to them.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Size, color, and orientation have long been considered elementary features whose attributes are extracted in parallel and available to guide the deployment of attention. If each is processed in the same fashion with simply a different set of local detectors, one would expect similar search behaviours on localizing an equivalent flickering change among identically laid out disks. We analyze feature transitions associated with saccadic search and find out that size, color, and orientation are not alike in dynamic attribute processing over time. The Markovian feature transition is attractive for size, repulsive for color, and largely reversible for orientation.
in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science
ABSTRACT
Delivering digitally a realistic appearance of materials is one of the most difficult tasks of computer vision. Accurate representation of surface texture can be obtained by means of view- and illumination-dependent textures. However, this kind of appearance representation produces massive datasets so their compression is inevitable. For optimal visual performance of compression methods, their parameters should be tuned to a specific material. We propose a set of statistical descriptors motivated by textural features, and psychophysically evaluate their performance on three subtle artificial degradations of textures appearance. We tested five types of descriptors on five different textures and combination of thirteen surface shapes and two illuminations. We found that descriptors based on a two-dimensional causal auto-regressive model, have the highest correlation with the psychophysical results, and so can be used for automatic detection of subtle changes in rendered textured surfaces in accordance with human vision.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
The success of MIS is coupled with an increasing demand on surgeons’ manual dexterity and visuomotor coordination due to the complexity of instrument manipulations. The use of master-slave surgical robots has avoided many of the drawbacks of MIS, but at the same time, has increased the physical separation between the surgeon and the patient. Tissue deformation combined with restricted workspace and visibility of an already cluttered environment can raise critical issues related to surgical precision and safety. Reconnecting the essential visuomotor sensory feedback is important for the safe practice of robot assisted MIS procedures. This paper introduces a novel gaze-contingent framework for real-time haptic feedback and virtual fixtures by transforming visual sensory information into physical constraints that can interact with the motor sensory channel. We demonstrate how motor tracking of deforming tissue can be made more effective and accurate through the concept of Gaze-Contingent Motor Channelling. The method is also extended to 3D by introducing the concept of Gaze-Contingent Haptic Constraints where eye gaze is used to dynamically prescribe and update safety boundaries during robot assisted MIS without prior knowledge of the soft-tissue morphology. Initial validation results on both simulated and robot assisted phantom procedures demonstrate the potential clinical value of the technique. In order to assess the associated cognitive demand of the proposed concepts, functional near-infrared spectroscopy is used and preliminary results are discussed.
in list: Medical research
ABSTRACT
We examined the role of visual attention in the multiple object tracking (MOT) task by measuring the amplitude of the N1 component of the event-related potential to probe flashes presented on targets, distractors, or empty background areas. We found evidence that visual attention enhances targets and suppresses distractors (Experiments 1 and 3). However, we also found that when tracking load was light (two targets and two distractors), accurate tracking could be carried out without any apparent contribution from the visual attention system (Experiment 2). Our results suggest that attentional selection during MOT is flexibly determined by task demands, as well as tracking load, and that visual attention may not always be necessary for accurate tracking.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
Welcome to the course: Gazing at Games: Using Eye Tracking to Control Virtual Characters. I will start with a short introduction of the course which will give you an idea of its aims and structure. I will also talk a bit about my background and research interests and motivate why I think this work is important.
in list: Eye Control
ABSTRACT
We investigate how people interact with Web search engine result pages using eye-tracking. While previous research has focused on the visual attention devoted to the 10 organic search results, this paper examines other components of contemporary search engines, such as ads and related searches. We systematically varied the type of task (informational or navigational), the quality of the ads (relevant or irrelevant to the query), and the sequence in which ads of different quality were presented. We measured the effects of these variables on the distribution of visual attention and on task performance. Our results show significant effects of each variable. The amount of visual attention that people devote to organic results depends on both task type and ad quality. The amount of visual attention that people devote to ads depends on their quality, but not the type of task. Interestingly, the sequence and predictability of ad quality is also an important factor in determining how much people attend to ads. When the quality of ads varied randomly from task to task, people paid little attention to the ads, even when they were good. These results further our understanding of how attention devoted to search results is influenced by other page elements, and how previous search experiences influence how people attend to the current page.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
We investigate how people interact with Web search engine result pages using eye-tracking, to provide a detailed understanding of the patterns of user attention. Previous research has examined the visual attention devoted to the 10 organic search results, and we extend this by also examining how gaze is distributed across other components of contemporary search engines, such as ads and related searches. This provides insights about searcher’s interactions with the ―whole page‖, and not just individual components. In addition, we used clustering techniques to identify groups of individuals, with distinct gaze patterns. The groups varied in how exhaustively they examined the search results and in what regions of the search result page they paid most attention to (organic results vs. ads). These results further our understanding of how attention is distributed across increasingly complex search result pages, and how individuals exhibit distinct patterns of attention and interaction.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Web browsers support secure online transactions, and provide visual feedback mechanisms to inform the user about security. These mechanisms have had little evaluation to determine how easily they are noticed and how effectively they are used. This paper describes a preliminary study conducted to determine which elements are noted, which are ignored, and how easily they are found. We collected eyetracker data to study user's attention to browser security, and gathered additional subjective data through questionnaires. Our results demonstrated that while the lock icon is commonly viewed, its interactive capability is essentially ignored. We also found that certificate information is rarely used, and that people stop looking for security information after they have signed into a site. These initial results provide insights into how browser security cues might be improved.
in list: HCI & Usability
Abstract—Currently, online assessment of the aircrew
performance focuses on behavioural data (flight data and pilot’s
actions) and the detection may intervene too late for coping with
the situation degradation. An early assessment of the pilot’s
“internal state”, based on physiological data collected from his
autonomous nervous system (ANS) and predictive of his
behaviour, is necessary. These data give clues both on the
cognitive activity and on the emotional states and stress. The
integration of ANS devices in a cockpit presents practical
drawbacks and their use is often limited to simulators. In this
preliminay study, the pros and cons of the adaptation of a
standalone eye tracker in a light aircraft are presented. In spite
of a sensitivity to light conditions and a definition of areas of
interest limited to a part of the cockpit, the eye tracker has
provided interesting behavioural (fixations) and physiological
(pupillometry) measures in nominal (from take-off to landing)
and degraded (provoke a simulated engine failure and plane
down toward the airfield) conditions. The pilots spent less time
glancing at the instruments, and focused on less instruments in
the degraded condition. Moreover, the pupil size varied with the
flight phases in the degraded condition, which reflected the
variations of stress and attention levels. These encouraging
results open two tracks: the development of new eye trackers able
to overcome current technical limitations, and neuroergonomics
researches providing guidelines for new man-machine interfaces
integrating both flight and crew state vectors.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
In face-to-face conversations, speakers are continuously checking whether the listener is engaged in the conversation by monitoring the partner’s eye-gaze behaviors. In this study, focusing on eye-gaze as information of estimating user’s conversational engagement, first, we conduct a Wizard-of-Oz experiment to collect the user’s gaze behaviors as well as the user’s subjective reports and an observer’s judgment concerning the user’s engagement in the conversation. Then, by analyzing the user’s gaze behaviors, variables and factors for estimating the user’s engagement are identified. Based on the analysis, we propose four types of engagement estimation methods based on gaze duration information and gaze transition 3-gram patterns. As the results of comparing the performance of these methods, it is revealed that a method which takes account of the individual differences in gaze transition patterns performs the best and can predict the user’s conversational engagement quite well.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
Abstract
The paper presents the findings of the audience research conducted on the cross media MHP and Mobile Java based interactive play-along game show Enigma. The show was developed as the first Finnish game show with fully integrated, synchronized interactivity, allowing the audience to participate in the show either by a Java-based mobile phone or by an MHP set-top box. The results show that the viewers' behaviour during the show and involvement in the game varied depending on whether they participated together with friends or alone. Furthermore, MHP-based interactivity proved to whet the viewers' appetite the most although most participating viewers appreciated the interactivity. Viewers enjoying the passive version also took an interest in the interactivity. 80 % of the viewers, women in particular, found it easy to participate in the quiz show, although the interactivity stole a great deal of time and attention from the video content. The important finding is that the interactivity added value to the viewing experience and made it more exciting, involving the audience. 80 % of the interactive viewers were in favour of more interactive programs on television, and thus stated their interest in participating in future interactive TV-programs.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
We present an interactive method for cropping photographs given minimal information about the location of important content, provided by eye tracking. Cropping is formulated in a general optimization framework that facilitates adding new composition rules, as well as adapting the system to particular applications. Our system uses fixation data to identify important content and compute the best crop for any given aspect ratio or size, enabling applications such as automatic snapshot recomposition, adaptive documents, and thumbnailing. We validate our approach with studies in which users compare our crops to ones produced by hand and by a completely automatic approach. Experiments show that viewers prefer our gaze-based crops to uncropped images and fully automatic crops.
in list: HCI & Usability
Abstract
In recent years, models of the human visual system, in particular
bottom-up and top-down visual attention processes, have become
commonplace in the design of perceptually-based selective rendering
algorithms. Although psychophysical experiments have been performed to assess the perceived quality of selectively rendered
imagery, little work has focused on validating the correlation of predictive region-of-interests (ROIs) as determined by perceptuallybased metrics to the actual eye-movements of human observers. In this paper we present a novel eye tracking study that investigates how accurately ROIs predict where participants direct their
eyes towards while watching an animation. Our experimental study investigated the validity of using saliency and task maps as ROI predictors. This study involved 64 participants in four conditions: participants performing a task, or free-viewing a scene, while being
naive or informed about the purpose of the experiment. The informed
participants knew that they were going to assess rendering quality. Our overall results indicate that the task map does act as good predictor of ROI.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology , Ophthalmology & Vision science
Abstract
This paper aims to present findings on the use of eye-tracking technology as a new approach from an educational perspective. The studies in this paper on relationship between learning and eye-movements have focused on concept-map formation, learning from multimedia materials, designing materials with different cognitive strategies, multimodal comprehension of language and graphics with and without annotation, computer games and cognitive style effects of computer based interfaces and hypertext environment. The results of the Middle East Technical University (METU) Human Computer Interaction (HCI) research group's eye-tracking based research studies presented and discussed how this approach helps educators to better understand learning processes of humans. Understanding and using this innovative approach is important for both educators and researchers in terms of comprehending learning processes deeply.
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(Pages including Tobii X50) eye tracker in examining mammograms by radiologist: http://books.google.com/books?id=gnpRBgUCssoC&lpg=PA111&ots=YcO9khU3x4&lr=&pg=PA53#v=twopage&q=Tobii&f=false
in list: HCI & Usability
Abstract
Despite technological advances in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in recent years, 3D visualization of the operative field still remains one of greatest challenges. In this paper, the effect of three visualization techniques including conventional 2D, 2D with enhanced depth cue based on shadow, and active 3D displays for novices with no prior adaptation to laparoscopic visualization techniques has been analyzed. A wavelet based paradigm is proposed which offer important insights into the effect of depth perception and visual-motor compensation when performing MIS instrument maneuvers. The proposed method has shown to be advantageous over conventional end-point methods of laparoscopic performance assessment as important supplementary information can be derived from the same trajectories where conventional measures fail to show significant differences.
in list: Medical research
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