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ABSTRACT
Previous research on lexical development has aimed to identify the factors that enable accurate initial word-referent mappings based on the assumption that the accuracy of initial word-referent associations is critical for word learning. The present study challenges this assumption. Adult English speakers learned an artificial language within a cross-situational learning paradigm. Visual fixation data were used to assess the direction of visual attention. Participants whose longest fixations in the initial trials fell more often on distracter images performed significantly better at test than participants whose longest fixations fell more often on referent images. Thus, inaccurate initial word-referent mappings may actually benefit learning.
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
This study investigates dynamic information acquisition strategies during decision making. The authors conduct an eye-tracking experiment to trace consumers‘ moment-to-moment decision process on comparison websites. A new hierarchical Hidden Markov Model is developed to analyze the eye-movement data. It consists of three connected hierarchical layers: a lower layer that describes the eye-movements, a middle layer that captures product-based and attribute-based information acquisition strategies, and an upper layer that enables us to analyze the time course of switching between these information acquisition strategies. In the experiment on the effects of presentation formats of comparison websites for laptop computers, the authors quantify the usage of information acquisition strategies, identify switching patterns, and investigate the impact that strategy switching has on evaluation of the choice process. Consumers switch frequently between information acquisition strategies: around 50 to 60 times for the average decision. The contiguity of presented information and the row-column presentation format influence information strategy usage and product choice. These findings support our recommendations for the rapidly growing comparison website industry.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
The effect of layout in the comprehension of design pattern roles in UML class diagrams is assessed. This work replicates and extends a previous study using questionnaires but uses an eye tracker to gather additional data. The purpose of the replication is to gather more insight into the eye gaze behavior not evident from questionnaire-based methods. Similarities and differences between the studies are presented. Four design patterns are examined in two layout schemes in the context of three open source systems. Fifteen participants answered a series of eight design pattern role detection questions. Results show a significant improvement in role detection accuracy and visual effort with a certain layout for the Strategy and Observer patterns and a significant improvement in role detection time for all four patterns. Eye gaze data indicates classes participating in a design pattern act like visual beacons when they are in close physical proximity and follow the canonical layout, even though they violate some general graph aesthetics.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
Previous research indicates that adult learners are able to use co-occurrence information to learn word-to-object mappings and form object categories simultaneously. The current eye-tracking study investigated the dynamics of attention allocation during concurrent statistical learning of words and categories. The results showed that the participants’ learning performance was associated with the numbers of short and mid-length fixations generated during training. Moreover, the learners’ patterns of attention allocation indicated online interaction and bi-directional bootstrapping between word and category learning processes.
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
In this chapter, we present a framework to learn and predict regions of interest in videos, based on human eye movements. In our approach, the eye gaze information of several users are recorded as they watch videos that are similar, and belong to a particular application domain. This information is used to train a classifier to learn low-level video features from regions that attracted the visual attention of users. Such a classifier is combined with vision-based approaches to provide an integrated framework to detect salient regions in videos. Till date, saliency prediction has been viewed from two different perspectives, namely visual attention modeling and spatiotemporal interest point detection. These approaches have largely been vision-based. They detect regions having a predefined set of characteristics such as complex motion or high contrast, for all kinds of videos. However, what is ‘interesting’ varies from one application to another. By learning features of regions that capture the attention of viewers while watching a video, we aim to distinguish those that are actually salient in the given context, from the rest. The integrated approach ensures that both regions with anticipated content (top–down attention) and unanticipated content (bottom–up attention) are predicted by the proposed framework as salient. In our experiments with news videos of popular channels, the results show a significant improvement in the identification of relevant salient regions in such videos, when compared with existing approaches.
in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of a new intelligent hypermedia system, MetaTutor, which is intended to prompt and scaffold the use of self-regulated learning (SRL) processes during learning about a human body system. Sixty-eight (N=68) undergraduate students learned about the human circulatory system under one of three conditions: prompt and feedback (PF), prompt-only (PO), and control (C) condition. The PF condition received timely prompts from animated pedagogical agents to engage in planning processes, monitoring processes, and learning strategies and also received immediate directive feedback from the agents concerning the deployment of the processes. The PO condition received the same timely prompts, but did not receive any feedback following the deployment of the processes. Finally, the control condition learned without any assistance from the agents during the learning session. All participants had two hours to learn using a 41-page hypermedia environment which included texts describing and static diagrams depicting various topics concerning the human circulatory system. Results indicate that the PF condition had significantly higher learning efficiency scores, when compared to the control condition. There were no significant differences between the PF and PO conditions. These results are discussed in the context of development of a fully-adaptive hypermedia learning system intended to scaffold self-regulated learning.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Current research increasingly suggests that spatial cognition in humans is accomplished by many specialized mechanisms, each designed to solve a particular adaptive problem. A major adaptive problem for our hominin ancestors, particularly females, was the need to efficiently gather immobile foods which could vary greatly in quality, quantity, spatial location and temporal availability. We propose a cognitive model of a navigational gathering adaptation in humans and test its predictions in samples from the US and Japan. Our results are uniformly supportive: the human mind appears equipped with a navigational gathering adaptation that encodes the location of gatherable foods into spatial memory. This mechanism appears to be chronically active in women and activated under explicit motivation in men.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that individuals with autism have difficulty with categorization. One basic cognitive ability that is necessary for categorization and may underlie difficulties with categorization is the ability to abstract and represent categorical information with a central representation or prototype. The current study examined prototype formation abilities in individuals with autism with social (faces) and non-social (dot patterns) stimuli using behavioral methodologies and eye-tracking in high functioning adults with autism and matched controls. Individuals with autism were found to have difficulty forming prototypes of both faces and dot patterns. Relationships were found between performance on the prototype tasks and measures of intelligence, symptoms of autism, and measures of low-level perceptual functioning in the individuals with autism. The eye-tracking data did not reveal any between group differences in the general pattern of attention to the faces or dot patterns during the familiarization period indicating that the difficulties with prototype formation were not due to attentional factors. The results of the current study are consistent with previous studies that have found a deficit in prototype formation and indicate that these deficits exist with both familiar social stimuli such as faces and novel non-social stimuli such as dot patterns.
in list: Neuropsychology
ABSTRACT
Research demonstrates that individuals with autism process facial information in a different manner than typically developing individuals. Several accounts of the face recognition deficit in individuals with autism have been posited with possible underlying mechanisms as the source of the deficit in face recognition skills. The current study proposed a new account that individuals with autism are less sensitive at perceiving configural manipulations between faces than typically developing individuals leading to their difficulty recognizing faces. A change detection task was used to measure perceptual sensitivity to varying levels of configural manipulations involving the eye and mouth regions. Participants with and without autism, matched on chronological age, verbal IQ, performance IQ, full scale IQ, visual acuity, and gender, studied upright and inverted faces in a delayed same/different face recognition test. An eye tracker recorded eye gaze throughout the experiment. Results revealed a significant group difference with respect to detection accuracy. The control group was more accurate at detecting subtle changes between upright faces than the autism group, particularly with manipulations to the spatial relation of eyes. Furthermore, an analysis of detection accuracy within groups revealed that a greater proportion of participants in the control group were better at detecting differences at subtler levels of spatial manipulations. Eye tracking results revealed a significant group difference in number of fixations to relevant vs. irrelevant areas of interest; however, both groups utilized eye information more than mouth information to detect changes in both upright and inverted faces.
Furthermore, there was some indication that eye gaze differed within groups, with a small proportion of individuals in both the autism and control groups demonstrating a bias to look more toward the mouth than eyes. Results are discussed with respect to featural vs. configural processing in autism and the use of eye vs. m
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
This study shows how advertisers can use emotion and attention patterns to engage consumers in watching internet video ads. In an experiment, joy and surprise are assessed through automated facial expression detection for a sample of ads. Concentration of attention is assessed through eye-tracking, and retention of viewers through zapping. This allows tests of unexplored predictions about the interplay of these emotions and attention at each point in time during exposure. The authors find that surprise and joy are effective in concentrating attention and retaining viewers. But importantly, the level rather than the velocity of surprise impacts attention concentration most, whereas the velocity rather than the level of joy impacts viewer retention most. The latter effect is asymmetric: higher gains for increase than loses for decrease. Based on these findings, we develop a measurement tool to compare ads on the basis of their predicted ability to evoke surprise and joy effectively to concentrate attention and retain. Benchmark emotional profiles are developed to show which emotion to evoke when and how intensely, to maximize viewer engagement.
ABSTRACT
Multimodal interaction in everyday life seems so effortless. However, a closer look reveals that such interaction is indeed complex and comprises multiple levels of coordination, from high-level linguistic exchanges to low-level couplings of momentary bodily movements both within an agent and across multiple interacting agents. A better understanding of how these multimodal behaviors are coordinated can provide insightful principles to guide the development of intelligent multimodal interfaces. In light of this, we propose and implement a research framework in which human participants interact with a virtual agent in a virtual environment. Our platform allows the virtual agent to keep track of the user’s gaze and hand movements in real time, and adjust his own behaviors accordingly. An experiment is designed and conducted to investigate adaptive user behaviors in a human-agent joint attention task. Multimodal data streams are collected in the study including speech, eye gaze, hand and head movements from both the human user and the virtual agent, which are then analyzed to discover various behavioral patterns. Those patterns show that human participants are highly sensitive to momentary multimodal behaviors generated by the virtual agent and they rapidly adapt their behaviors accordingly. Our results suggest the importance of studying and understanding real-time adaptive behaviors in human-computer multimodal interactions.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
The present invention is directed to a method and system for predicting the behavior of an audience based on the biologically based responses of the audience to a presentation that provides a sensory stimulating experience and determining a measure of the level and pattern of engagement of that audience to the presentation. In particular, the invention is directed to a method and system for predicting whether an audience is likely to view a presentation in its entirety. In addition, the present invention may be used to determine the point at which an audience is likely to change their attention to an alternative sensory stimulating experience including fast forwarding through recorded content, changing the channel or leaving the room when viewing live content, or otherwise redirecting their engagement from the sensory stimulating experience.
in list: Patents
ABSTRACT
This invention provides methods, system, and apparatus for assessing and/or diagnosing a neurobehavioural disorder in a subject. The methods, systems, and apparatus include the subject freely observing a visual scene, without having to carry out a task or follow specific instructions. In one embodiment, a computational model is used to select one or more feature in a visual scene and generate a spatial map having first map values that are predictive of eye movement end points of a hypothetical observer relative to the one or more feature. A subject's eye movements are recorded while the subject freely observes the visual scene, and a difference between second map values that correspond to the subject's eye movement endpoints and a set of map values selected randomly from the first map values is quantified, wherein the difference is indicative of a neurobehavioural disorder in the subject. Neurobehavioural disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, autism, Tourette syndrome, and progressive supranuclear palsy may be assessed and/or diagnosed.
in list: Patents
ABSTRACT
Reaching is an important and early emerging motor skill that allows infants to interact with the physical and social world. However, few studies have considered how reaching experiences shape infants’ own motor development and their perception of actions performed by others. In the current study, two groups of infants received daily parent guided play sessions over a two-week training period. Using “Sticky Mittens”, one group was enabled to independently pick up objects whereas the other group only passively observed their parent’s actions on objects. Following training, infants’ manual and visual exploration of objects, agents, and actions in a live and a televised context were assessed. Our results showed that only infants who experienced independent object apprehension advanced in their reaching behavior, and showed changes in their visual exploration of agents and objects in a live setting. Passive observation was not sufficient to change infants’ behavior. To our surprise, the effects of the training did not seem to generalize to a televised observation context. Together, our results suggest that early motor training can jump-start infants’ transition into reaching and inform their perception of others’ actions.
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
A better understanding of the human user’s expectations and sensitivities to the real-time behavior generated by virtual agents can provide insightful empirical data and infer useful principles to guide the design of intelligent virtual agents. In light of this, we propose and implement a research framework to systematically study and evaluate different important aspects of multimodal real-time interactions between humans and virtual agents. Our platform allows the virtual agent to keep track of the user’s gaze and hand movements in real time, and adjust his own behaviors accordingly. Multimodal data streams are collected in human-avatar interactions including speech, eye gaze, hand and head movements from both the human user and the virtual agent, which are then used to discover fine-grained behavioral patterns in human-agent interactions. We present a pilot study based on the proposed framework as an example of the kinds of research questions that can be rigorously addressed and answered. This first study investigating human-agent joint attention reveals promising results about the role and functioning of joint attention in human-avatar interactions.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Size, color, and orientation have long been considered elementary features whose attributes are extracted in parallel and available to guide the deployment of attention. If each is processed in the same fashion with simply a different set of local detectors, one would expect similar search behaviours on localizing an equivalent flickering change among identically laid out disks. We analyze feature transitions associated with saccadic search and find out that size, color, and orientation are not alike in dynamic attribute processing over time. The Markovian feature transition is attractive for size, repulsive for color, and largely reversible for orientation.
in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science
CONTEXT
Early identification efforts are essential for the early treatment of the symptoms of autism but can only occur if robust risk factors are found. Children with autism often engage in repetitive behaviors and anecdotally prefer to visually examine geometric repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel. The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined.
OBJECTIVES
To determine if toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 14 to 42 months prefer to visually examine dynamic geometric images more than social images and to determine if visual fixation patterns can correctly classify a toddler as having an ASD.
DESIGN
Toddlers were presented with a 1-minute movie depicting moving geometric patterns on 1 side of a video monitor and children in high action, such as dancing or doing yoga, on the other. Using this preferential looking paradigm, total fixation duration and the number of saccades within each movie type were examined using eye tracking technology.
SETTING
University of California, San Diego Autism Center of Excellence.
PARTICIPANTS
One hundred ten toddlers participated in final analyses (37 with an ASD, 22 with developmental delay, and 51 typical developing toddlers).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Total fixation time within the geometric patterns or social images and the number of saccades were compared between diagnostic groups.
RESULTS
Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups. If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.
CONCLUSION
A preference for geometric patterns early in life may be a novel and easily detectable early signature of infants and toddlers at risk for autism.
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
To determine the accuracy and precision of pupil measurements made with the Tobii 1750 remote video eye tracker, we performed a formal metrological study with respect to a calibrated reference instrument, a medical pupillometer. We found that the eye tracker measures mean binocular pupil diameter with precision 0.10 mm and mean binocular pupil dilations with precision 0.15 mm.
in list: Eye Tracking Technology
ABSTRACT
Recent studies show both adults and young children possess powerful statistical learning capabilities to solve the word-to-world mapping problem. However, it is still unclear what are the underlying mechanisms supporting seemingly powerful statistical cross-situational learning. To answer this question, the paper uses an eye tracker to record moment-by-moment eye movement data of 14-month-old babies in statistical learning tasks. A simple associative statistical learning is applied to the fine-grained eye movement data. The results are compared with empirical results from those young learners. A strong correlation between these two shows that a simple associative learning mechanism can account for both behavioural data as a group and individual differences, suggesting that the associative learning mechanism with selective attention can provide a cognitively plausible model of statistical learning. The work represents the first steps to use eye movement data to infer underlying learning processes in statistical learning.
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
Here we report evidence from a new eye-tracking measure of relational memory that suggests that 9-month-old infants can encode memories in terms of the relations among items, a function putatively subserved by the hippocampus. Infants learned about the association between faces that were superimposed on unique scenic backgrounds. During test trials, infants were shown three faces presented on a familiar scene. All three faces were equally familiar; however, one had been presented with the test background earlier. Visual behavior was recorded continuously using a TOBII eye tracker. Infants looked preferentially at the face that matched the test background very early in the trial; however, the time course of this preferential looking effect varied as a function of delay. These results suggest that by 9 months of age infants can form memories that represent the relations among items and maintain them over short delays.
in list: Developmental Research
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