Home
Tobii EyeTracking's Library tagged → View Popular, Search in Google
ABSTRACT
The use of standardised tests is an important part of the clinical assessment procedure all over the world, when investigating verbal and cognitive ability.
The purpose of this Master Thesis has been to investigate if these tests could gain from being transferred to digital format with the added functionality of eye tracking technology. As a first step, however, it was necessary to verify that the use of eye tracking as an input method did not alter the scores measured by the test.
A prototype was built, using C# and the Tobii TEC SDK for the eye tracker, and it was later evaluated and compared with a standardised
test in an experimental study with 21 test subjects, using within-subjects design.
An ANOVA analysis of the experiment data showed no significant difference between the two test conditions. This implies that eye tracking is well suited as an input method in this context. These promising results shows that a further development of this use of the technology should be of interest.
in list: Eye Tracking Technology
ABSTRACT
We analysed the eye-tracking data of 147 participants as they used a total of 15 separate website navigation menus to complete key activities. The hypotheses for this study were that (a) the psychological phenomenon of the order effect would manifest in that items at either end of a menu would be located more quickly than those in the middle and (b) that the items that were relevant to completing the user‘s tasks would be located more quickly through peripheral visual identification of these items. Although items relevant to the user‘s task were acquired 1.8 seconds faster on average, both of the hypotheses were rejected as no statistically significant patterns were found. It was concluded that each user was likely to have his or her own searching behaviour and this could be affected by other factors such as the graphic design of the menu.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of a new intelligent hypermedia system, MetaTutor, which is intended to prompt and scaffold the use of self-regulated learning (SRL) processes during learning about a human body system. Sixty-eight (N=68) undergraduate students learned about the human circulatory system under one of three conditions: prompt and feedback (PF), prompt-only (PO), and control (C) condition. The PF condition received timely prompts from animated pedagogical agents to engage in planning processes, monitoring processes, and learning strategies and also received immediate directive feedback from the agents concerning the deployment of the processes. The PO condition received the same timely prompts, but did not receive any feedback following the deployment of the processes. Finally, the control condition learned without any assistance from the agents during the learning session. All participants had two hours to learn using a 41-page hypermedia environment which included texts describing and static diagrams depicting various topics concerning the human circulatory system. Results indicate that the PF condition had significantly higher learning efficiency scores, when compared to the control condition. There were no significant differences between the PF and PO conditions. These results are discussed in the context of development of a fully-adaptive hypermedia learning system intended to scaffold self-regulated learning.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
The affective component has been acknowledged as critical to understand information search behavior and user–computer interactions. There is a lack of studies that analyze the emotions that the user feels when searching for information about products with search engines. The present study analyzes the emotional outcomes of the online search process, taking into account the user’s (a) perceptions of success and effort exerted on the search process, (b) initial affective state, and (c) emotions felt during the search process. In addition, we identify profiles of online searchers based on the emotional outcomes of the search process, which allow us to differentiate the emotional processes and behavioral patterns that lead to such emotions. The results of the study stress the importance of the affective component of the online search behavior, given that these emotional outcomes are likely to influence all the subsequent actions that users perform on the Web.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on on-line metacognitive processes, in particular, comprehension monitoring in reading. Interesting prospects of technology-supported on-line methods for metacognitive studies on comprehension monitoring are outlined on the basis of current empirical evidence. First, the on-line methods to study comprehension monitoring are described and discussed, and our studies of elementary (Grade 1–6) school students’ monitoring and regulating comprehension feature the application of two of the methods, namely traced silent reading and eyetracking. Second, these studies give evidence on young students’ comprehension monitoring and developmental trends as a function of grade, decoding skills, listening and reading comprehension skills and intervention. As an example, results from a recent study linking students’ comprehension monitoring, mood and metacognitive experiences are presented in more detail. The future promise and prospects of technology-supported on-line comprehension monitoring methods for metacognition research and of assessing affects associated with comprehension monitoring processes are discussed. It is argued that the modern technology allowing synchronized data collection of affective reactions and reading comprehension behavior offer important new opportunities to enhance current theories and empirical knowledge, particularly, of linkages between emotional and metacognitive processes.
in list: Linguistics
ABSTRACT
This dissertation explored the questions of when and how infants develop an understanding of intention—that is, an understanding of human behavior as guided by subjective internal states that underlie and are separate from actions and objects in the world. Failed action understanding was used as a marker of intention understanding because, unlike in the case of successful actions, understanding failed actions requires recognizing that the observed pattern of movement is distinct from the intention that motivates it.
To explore the development of intention understanding in the first year of life, two key studies examined an understanding of successful- versus failed-reaching actions. Study 1 used a habituation design to assess both when infants (8-, 10-, and 12-month-olds) understand that a failed action is intentional and whether an understanding of successful actions precedes an understanding of failed actions. Study 2 extended this work to explore the process by which 8- and 10-month-olds develop an understanding of intention. Eye-tracking methodology was used to examine how infants process and predict the goals of ongoing successful and failed reaching actions. Moreover, performance was explored in relation to parent-report measures of infants’ social and motor behaviors.
Three central findings emerged. First, already within the first year of life (by 10 months), infants understand and can predict the goal of a failed-reaching action. Second, during the course of development, understanding successful actions precedes understanding failed actions. Third, failed (but not successful) action understanding is strongly associated with infants’ tendency to initiate joint attention and their ability to locomote independently.
Overall, results from this dissertation support a developmental picture wherein a rudimentary understanding of action as motivated by subjective internal states emerges during the first year of life from an antecedent understanding of action that does not go deeper than the surface rela
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
We report on an experiment where the decision behavior of annotators issuing linguistic metadata is observed with an eyetracking device. As experimental conditions we consider the role of textual context and linguistic complexity classes. Still preliminary in nature, our data suggests that semantic complexity is much harder to deal with than syntactic one, and that full-scale textual context is negligible for annotation, with the exception of semantic high-complexity cases. We claim that such observational data might lay the foundation for empirically grounded annotation cost models and the design of cognitively adequate annotation user interfaces.
in list: Linguistics
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the behaviors of users judging similarity of documents by eye-tracking analysis. This investigation relates with recently-proposed concept of Minimal User Feedback (MUF), which aims at decreasing the cost of a user providing feedback information. In order to achieve this goal, this paper focuses on minimizing the cost of judging similarity of documents, which is supposed to be fundamental task for a user using an interactive document clustering system. In the experiment, 21 test participants were asked to judge the similarity of documents. As the clue for the judgment, 3 types of information; original text, snippet, and term, are investigated. An eye-tracking device is used to record the participants’ viewing behaviors. The areas of interesting (AOI) are analyzed, and the result shows that the areas at which the participants more frequently looked are different between the conditions of judging documents of same topics and different topics. It also shows that participants most frequently switched AOIs between documents when terms are presented. The obtained results will contribute to the design of interface that can minimize the user’s feedback cost.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Sometimes users of a music retrieval system are not able to explicitly state what they are looking for. They rather want to browse a collection in order to get an overview and to discover interesting content. A common approach for browsing a collection relies on a similarity-preserving projection of objects (tracks, albums or artists) onto the (typically two-dimensional) display space. Inevitably, this implicates the use of dimension reduction techniques that cannot always preserve neighborhood and thus introduce distortions of the similarity space. This paper describes ongoing work on MusicGalaxy – an interactive user-interface
based on an adaptive non-linear multi-focus zoom lens that alleviates the impact of projection distortions. Furthermore, the interface allows manipulation of the neighborhoods as well as the projection by weighting different facets of music similarity. This way the visualization can be adapted to the user’s way of exploring the collection. Apart from the current interface prototype, findings from early evaluations are presented.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Simion, Valenza, Macchi Cassia, Turati, and Umiltà (2002) suggested that newborns preferred “top-heavy” stimuli and such bias may account for neonatal face preference. However, convergent evidence for the discriminability between the top-heavy versus bottom-heavy patterns has not been demonstrated. We used a modified familiarization/novelty procedure (Chien, Palmer, & Teller, 2003) to assess basic discriminability between “top-heavy” and “bottom-heavy” geometric patterns in 2- to 4.5-month-old infants. Each infant were tested with three types of top-heavy and bottom-heavy geometric figures and received both familiarized-to-top-heavy and familiarized-to-bottom-heavy conditions. If infants of this age can discriminate the two configurations and there is no intrinsic bias toward either pattern, we expected to see significant and about equal novelty effects in both familiarization conditions. If there is a strong intrinsic bias for the top-heavy configuration, we expect to see a greater preference for the top-heavy patterns in the familiarization-to-bottom-heavy condition. Our results (N = 24) showed significant and equal novelty preferences in both familiarization conditions across age and figure types, suggesting a reliable discriminability between top-heavy and bottom-heavy configurations and there is no intrinsic bias towards either configuration at this age.
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
Los tag-clouds, o nubes de etiquetas, son componentes de interfaz en forma de lista compacta de palabras clave, que permiten al usuario explorar y navegar por conjuntos documentales. Si bien en los últimos años han gozado de gran popularidad en el entorno Web, también es cierto que, como interfaces visuales de recuperación de información, presentan evidentes problemas de usabilidad. El presente trabajo se propone indagar en la usabilidad de los tag-clouds, a través de la revisión bibliográfica y un estudio con usuarios utilizando técnicas de eye-tracking o seguimiento visual. Los resultados demuestran que tanto el tamaño de fuente como la forma del tag-cloud tienen una clara influencia en la exploración visual de los usuarios. Respecto a la ordenación de los tags, si bien la ordenación alfabética no ofrece ventajas en tareas de búsqueda exploratoria, los resultados sugieren que la agrupación semántica tampoco supone una mejora en términos de eficiencia en tareas de localización visual de los tags. Finalmente se proponen posibles mejoras en la presentación de los tag-clouds agrupados semánticamente, así como futuras líneas de investigación
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Following information scent has been established as a metaphor to describe a user's behaviour while navigating an information space by successively selecting hyperlinks. This metaphor suggests that users assess the profitability of following a particular hyperlink based on its perceived semantic association with their goal. The purpose of this paper is to study how information scent, this important attribute of hypermedia navigability, influences concurrently four aspects of users' behaviour while exploring a website: (1) distribution of attention; (2) confidence in choice of link; (3) efficiency; and (4) effectiveness. It was found that in webpages with high scent, users were significantly more focused, confident of their choices, efficient and effective compared to webpages with ambiguous scent. The findings of the study are discussed in comparison with results obtained from a previously conducted analysis using InfoScent Evaluator (ISEtool), a tool that has been proposed to facilitate scent evaluation of websites. This comparison provided support for the effectiveness of ISEtool in indicating potential scent-related navigability problems. We argue that such a tool-based approach can facilitate hypermedia design by reducing the resources and expertise required, and by providing the necessary flexibility for practitioners.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Evaluating the Information Architecture in an already deployed website is not an easy task. Most evaluation techniques are focused on examining system usability, but this is not the only factor that influences IA. The main technique that deals with IA in already deployed web environments is the Navigation Stress Test (NST). A new methodology makes this technique more informative by taking NST beyond simple notation on paper. This work proposes the use of NST combined with other usability testing techniques such as Thinking Aloud and a usability questionnaire. Eye tracking also has been used to supplement the information obtained from applied techniques. This new methodology has been tested by analyzing a series of websites belonging to Spanish public university libraries. The results of this study show the validity of the approach used, as well as the value that this approach and the use of Eye tracking bring to the analysis of IA compared to traditional NST.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
With a growing number of computer devices around us, and the increasing time we spend for interacting with such devices, we are strongly interested in finding new interaction methods which ease the use of computers or increase interaction efficiency. Eye tracking seems to be a promising technology to achieve this goal. This thesis researches interaction methods based on eye-tracking technology. After a discussion of the limitations of the eyes regarding accuracy and speed, including a general discussion on Fitts’ law, the thesis follows three different approaches on how to utilize eye tracking for computer input. The first approach researches eye gaze as pointing device in combination with a touch sensor for multimodal input and presents a method using a touch sensitive mouse. The second approach examines people’s ability to perform gestures with the eyes for computer input and the separation of gaze gestures from natural eye movements. The third approach deals with the information inherent in the movement of the eyes and its application to assist the user. The thesis presents a usability tool for recording of interaction and gaze activity. It also describes algorithms for reading detection. All approaches present results based on user studies conducted with prototypes developed for the purpose.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Personalization of information retrieval tailors search towards individual users to meet their particular information needs by taking into account information about users and their contexts, often through implicit sources of evidence such as user behaviors. Task types have been shown to influence search behaviors including usefulness judgments. This paper reports on an investigation of user behaviors associated with different task types. Twenty-two undergraduate journalism students participated in a controlled lab experiment, each searching on four tasks which varied on four dimensions: complexity, task product, task goal and task level. Results indicate regular differences associated with different task characteristics in several search behaviors, including task completion time, decision time (the time taken to decide whether a document is useful or not), and eye fixations, etc. We suggest these behaviors can be used as implicit indicators of the user’s task type.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Eye tracking specialists often need to understand and represent aggregate scanning strategies, but methods to identify similar scanpaths and aggregate multiple scanpaths have been elusive. A new method is proposed here to identify scanning strategies by aggregating groups of matching scanpaths automatically. A dataset of scanpaths is first converted to sequences of viewed area names, which are then represented in a dotplot. Matching sequences in the dotplot are found with linear regressions, and then used to cluster the scanpaths hierarchically. Aggregate scanning strategies are generated for each cluster and presented in an interactive dendrogram. While the clustering and aggregation method works in a bottom-up fashion, based on pair-wise matches, a top-down extension is also described, in which a scanning strategy is first input by cursor gesture, then matched against the dataset. The ability to discover both bottom-up and top-down strategy matches provides a powerful tool for scanpath analysis, and for understanding group scanning strategies.
in list: Eye Tracking Technology
ABSTRACT
Eighteen- and 25-month-old human toddlers’ ability to manually solve a puzzle and their ability to anticipate the goal during observation of similar actions were investigated. Results demonstrate that goal anticipation during action observation is dependent on manual ability, both on a group level (only 25-month-olds solved the manual task and anticipated the goal during observation) and individually within the older age group (r xy = 0.53). These findings suggests a connection between manual ability and the ability to anticipate the goal of others’ actions in toddlers, in accordance with the direct matching hypothesis.
in list: Developmental Research
Introduction
A rapid development of eye tracking technology has been observed in recent years. Today's eye trackers can determine the current focus point of the eye precisely while being relatively unobtrusive in their application. Also, a variety of research and commercial ...
in list: Linguistics
ABSTRACT
This study proposes to achieve the affective assessment of a computer user through the processing of the pupil diameter (PD) signal. An adaptive interference canceller (AIC) system using the H∞ time-varying (HITV) adaptive algorithm was developed to minimize the impact of the PLR (pupil size changes caused by light intensity variations) on the measured pupil diameter signal. The modified pupil diameter (MPD) signal, obtained from the AIC, was expected to reflect primarily the pupillary affective responses (PAR) of the subject. Additional manipulations of the AIC output resulted in a Processed MPD (PMPD) signal, from which a classification feature, “PMPDmean”, was extracted. This feature was used to train and test a support vector machine (SVM), for the identification of “stress” states in the subject, achieving an accuracy rate of 77.78%. The advantages of affective recognition through the PD signal were verified by comparatively investigating the classification of “stress” and “relaxation” states through features derived from the simultaneously recorded galvanic skin response (GSR) and blood volume pulse (BVP) signals, with and without the PD feature. Encouraging results in affective assessment based on pupil diameter monitoring were obtained in spite of intermittent illumination increases purposely introduced during the experiments. Therefore, these results confirmed the possibility of using PD monitoring to evaluate the evolving affective states of a computer user.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Effective graphics are essential for understanding complex information and completing tasks. To assess graphic effectiveness, eye tracking methods can help provide a deeper understanding of scanning strategies that underlie more traditional, high-level accuracy and task completion time results. Eye tracking methods entail many challenges, such as defining fixations, assigning fixations to areas of interest, choosing appropriate metrics, addressing potential errors in gaze location, and handling scanning interruptions. Special considerations are also required designing, preparing, and conducting eye tracking studies. An illustrative eye tracking study was conducted to assess the differences in scanning within and between bar, line, and spider graphs, to determine which graphs best support relative comparisons along several dimensions. There was excessive scanning to locate the correct bar graph in easier tasks. Scanning across bar and line graph dimensions before comparing across graphs was evident in harder tasks. There was repeated scanning between the same dimension of two spider graphs, implying a greater cognitive demand from scanning in a circle that contains multiple linear dimensions, than from scanning the linear axes of bar and line graphs. With appropriate task design and targeted analysis metrics, eye tracking techniques can illuminate visual scanning patterns hidden by more traditional time and accuracy results.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
Selected Tags
Related Tags
Top Contributors
Groups interested in T60
Diigo is about better ways to research, share and collaborate on information. Learn more »
Join Diigo