Tobii EyeTracking's Library tagged Switzerland →  View Popular, Search in Google

ABSTRACT
The use of e-book readers (e-readers or electronic-readers) has become increasingly widespread. An e-reader should meet two important requirements: adequate legibility and good usability. In our study, we investigated these two requirements of e-reader design. Within the framework of a multifunctional approach, we combined eye tracking with other usability testing methods. We tested five electronic reading devices and one classic paper book. The results suggested that e-readers with e-ink technology provided legibility that was comparable to classic paper books. However, our study also showed that the current e-reader generation has large deficits with respect to usability. Users were unable to use e-readers intuitively and without problems. We found significant differences between the different brands of e-book readers. Interestingly, we found dissociations between objective eye-tracking data and subjective user data, stressing the importance of multi-method approaches.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking x120 e-book reader legibility e-ink intuitively

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Web sites need fast and effective navigation systems. An eye tracking laboratory study with n = 120 participants was conducted to compare the influence of different navigation designs (vertical versus dynamic menus) and task complexity (simple versus complex navigation tasks) on user performance, navigation strategy, and subjective preference. With vertical menus, users needed less eye fixations, were faster and more successful. We conclude that, firstly, vertical menus fit better to perception and cognition than dynamic menus, where the navigation items are hidden and must be accessed by an additional mouse click. Secondly, navigation systems should be extended with different kinds of navigation items adapted to the complexity of the users’ navigation tasks, because users tend to switch their navigation strategy when confronted with complex tasks.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking effective navigation vertical dynamic menus complexity performance preference strategy

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Visual analytics is often based on the intuition that highly interactive and dynamic depictions of complex and multivariate databases amplify human capabilities for inference and decision-making, as they facilitate cognitive tasks such as pattern recognition, association, and analytical reasoning (Thomas and Cook 2005). But how do we know whether visual analytics really works? This article offers a generic evaluation approach combining theory- and data-driven methods based on sequence similarity analysis. The approach systematically studies users' visual interaction strategies when using highly interactive interfaces. We specifically ask whether the efficiency (i.e., speed) of users can be characterized by specific display interaction event sequences, and whether studying user strategies could be employed to improve the (interaction) design of the dynamic displays. We showcase our approach using a very large, fine-grained spatiotemporal dataset of eye movement recordings collected during a controlled human subject experiment with dynamic visual analytics displays. With this methodological approach based on empirical evidence, we hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of how people make inferences and decisions with highly interactive visualization tools and complex displays.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking X120 visual analytics strategy interactions dynamic display efficiency design

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Recommender systems have emerged as an effective decision tool to help users more easily and quickly find products that they prefer, especially in e-commerce environments. However, few studies have tried to understand how this technology has influenced the way users search for products and make purchase decisions. Our current research aims at examining the impact of recommenders by understanding how recommendation tools integrate the classical economic schemes and how they modify product search patterns. We report our work in employing an eye tracking system and collecting users' interaction behaviors as they browsed and selected products to buy from an online product retail website offering over 3,500 items. This in-depth user study has enabled us to collect over 48,000 fixation data points and 7,720 areas of interest from eighteen users, each spending more than one hour on our site. Our study shows that while users still use traditional product search tools to examine alternatives, recommenders definitely provide users with new opportunities in their decision process. More specifically, users actively click and gaze at products recommended to them, up to 40% of the time. In addition, recommendation areas are highly attractive, drawing users to add 50% more items to their baskets as a traditional tool does. Observing that users consult the recommendation area more as they are close to the end of their search process, it seems that recommenders enhance users' decision confidence by satisfying their need for diversity. Based on these results, we derive several interaction design guidelines that can significantly improve users' satisfaction and perception of product recommenders.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 recommendation Recommender product search evaluate understanding attention usage user

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Product listing pages, where information on multiple products are displayed, represent a vital point of an E-commerce website on which consumer decisions are made. Prior research has shown that the design of product listing pages has an impact on users’ performance and their recall of brand names. The aim of this study was to examine effects of presentation on cognitive load and consumer decisions. An online study was conducted comparing presentation type (matrix versus list presentation). List presentation was associated with lower cognitive load and more economic product selections. Eye-tracking data from an additional laboratory experiment suggest that list presentation triggers comparison processes which could account for the differences found.

Switzerland 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 product listing cognitive workload e-commerce design evaluation performance decision layout HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
The authors explored different aspects of encoding strategy use in primary school children by including (a) an encoding strategy task in which children's encoding strategy use was recorded through a remote eye-tracking device and, later, free recall and recognition for target items was assessed; and (b) tasks measuring resistance to interference (flanker task) and inhibition of attention to task-irrelevant stimuli (distractibility). Results revealed that the ability to inhibit distraction and resist interference undergoes developmental changes between the ages of 7–10 years. At the same time, children's capability to strategically focus on task-relevant aspects also continues to improve in primary school years. Although there were substantial relationships between encoding strategies and later recognition, encoding strategies appeared to be unrelated to basic aspects of attentional control.

Switzerland 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 attention control development encoding strategy memory distraction developmental

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
Recommender systems, as a type of Web personalized service to support users’ online product searching, have been widely developed in recent years but with primary emphasis on algorithm accuracy. In this paper, we particularly investigate the efficacy of recommender interface designs in affecting users’ decision making strategies through the observation of their eye movements and product selection behavior. One interface design is the standard list interface where all recommended items are listed one by one. Another two are layout variations of organization-based interface where recommendations are grouped into categories. The eye-tracking user evaluation shows that the organization interfaces, especially the one with a quadrant layout, can significantly attract users’ attentions to more items, with the resulting benefit to enhance their objective decision quality.

Switzerland 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 product searching Recommender layout interface organization design HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This research investigated the role of individual differences for the control of attention in the early stages of self-regulation. Theories on the development of addiction posit that repeated substance use alters memory structures referring to the substance through classical conditioning processes, leading to the attention-grabbing properties of the substance. The authors predicted that such memory structures influence attentional processes toward the substance, but only in individuals with low executive control. One executive function that is closely related to attention control is working memory capacity. Using eye-tracking methodology, the authors found individual differences in an alcohol single category implicit association test to predict indicators of attention allocation such as initial orienting and attention maintenance for social drinkers low but not high in working memory capacity. This effect primarily resulted from the controlled attention component as opposed to the short-term memory component of working memory capacity. Implications and directions for further research are discussed.

Switzerland 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 Studio attention working memory self-regulation addiction conditioning cognitive Behavioral psychology

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
The vigilance-avoidance attention pattern is found in anxious adults, who initially gaze more at threatening pictures than nonanxious adults (vigilance), but subsequently gaze less at them than nonanxious adults (avoidance). The present research, using eye tracking methodology, tested whether anxious children show the same pattern. Children with separation anxiety disorder or no mental disorder viewed pairs of pictures, while the direction of their gaze was tracked. Each picture pair showed one picture of a woman separating from a child, the other picture of a woman reuniting with a child. The results supported the vigilance-avoidance model in children. Although the two groups’ gaze direction did not differ during the first second of viewing, anxious children gazed significantly more at separating (threatening) pictures than nonanxious children after a period of 1 s. But after 3 s the pattern reversed: anxious children gazed significantly less at the separating pictures than nonanxious children.

Switzerland 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 vigilance avoidance threat children separation anxiety disorder developmental

in list: Developmental Research

Google Books Description
Using Eye Tracking Methodology in Children with Anxiety Disorders Tina In-Albon and Silvia Schneider tina. in-albon@ unibas. ch The first studies of eye movements, conducted using direct observations, go back as far as the 1800s. Thereafter, the process of reading was ...

Switzerland 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 methodology children anxiety disorders developmental

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
Autism is characterized by major difficulties in the social interaction and communication domains. Recent studies suggest that deficits in social information processing could contribute to the expression of autistic traits, as regards communication and socialization skills. The objective of our study with children and adolescents manifesting autistic traits is to examine the characteristics of visual information processing whilst viewing social scenes, in order to evaluate the relationship between autistic trait expression and deficits in processing socially salient information. Our results suggest that children and adolescents presenting autistic traits show patterns of visual processing of social information that are comparable to those observed in adults with autism. These results are discussed from the standpoint of developmental cognitive psychopathology.

Switzerland 2009 French Tobii eye tracking autism information processing communication

in list: Neuropsychology

ABSTRACT
This study aims to explore the possibility of using machine learning techniques to build predictive models of performance in collaborative induction tasks. More specifically, we explored how signal-level data, like eye-gaze data and raw speech may be used to build such models. The results show that such low level features have effectively some potential to predict performance in such tasks. Implications for future applications design are shortly discussed.

2009 Switzerland HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 models predict performance Computer learning Collaborative

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm that detects misunderstandings in collaborative work at a distance. It analyses the movements of collaborators' eyes on the shared workspace, their utterances containing references about this workspace, and the availability of 'remote' deictic gestures. This method is based on two findings: 1. participants look at the points they are talking about in their message; 2. their gazes are more dense around these points compared to other random looks in the same timeframe. The algorithm associates the distance between the gazes of the emitter and gazes of the receiver of a message with the probability that the recipient did not understand the message.

HCI computer-supported collaborative work focus of attention remote tasks deixis spatial cognition eye tracking Switzerland 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
By means of a relatively new eye-tracking method that allows for a test situation much closer to reality, we recorded and examined gaze time and fixation number within the cancellation and focus paradigm, a feature-matching model for preference judgments between two alternatives. In line with the cancellation and focus model we found that when subjects encountered the second option in each pair, shared features were canceled out and thus given less consideration whereas unique features were focused on more. We also investigated the role of feature attractiveness as a second important factor in preference judgments and found a U-shaped relationship between attractiveness and visual consideration intensity; that is, attractive and unattractive features received more attention than did those of intermediate attractiveness. Finally, we tested the ability of two models, Franklin's rule and the WReSt (Weighted Recalled Stepwise Comparing) heuristic, to predict the preference ratings.

Cognition Feature matching Direction comparison Preference judgments; attractiveness Franklin's rule WReSt heuristic eye tracking Switzerland 2007 Tobii

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology