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ABSTRACT
The affective component has been acknowledged as critical to understand information search behavior and user–computer interactions. There is a lack of studies that analyze the emotions that the user feels when searching for information about products with search engines. The present study analyzes the emotional outcomes of the online search process, taking into account the user’s (a) perceptions of success and effort exerted on the search process, (b) initial affective state, and (c) emotions felt during the search process. In addition, we identify profiles of online searchers based on the emotional outcomes of the search process, which allow us to differentiate the emotional processes and behavioral patterns that lead to such emotions. The results of the study stress the importance of the affective component of the online search behavior, given that these emotional outcomes are likely to influence all the subsequent actions that users perform on the Web.

Spain 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking T60 search engines behavior effort emotion affect

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
A study based on Google and Yahoo! page results using eye tracker technique is presented. Participants (n=58) attempted informational, navigational, transactional or multimedia tasks. Sessions were recorded with an eye tracker to determine whether the intention behind queries affects the way people browse the results page. Eye fixations in title, snippet, url and images were analyzed in the three first organic and sponsored results. In general terms, the results demonstrate that a relationship exists between the users' intention and their behavior when they browse the results page. Knowing this behavior is important for search engine designers because they can improve their results pages depending on the users' query intentions.

Spain Spanish 2010 Tobii eye tracking T120 intention expectation search engine behavior Information retrieval browse navigate HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Los tag-clouds, o nubes de etiquetas, son componentes de interfaz en forma de lista compacta de palabras clave, que permiten al usuario explorar y navegar por conjuntos documentales. Si bien en los últimos años han gozado de gran popularidad en el entorno Web, también es cierto que, como interfaces visuales de recuperación de información, presentan evidentes problemas de usabilidad. El presente trabajo se propone indagar en la usabilidad de los tag-clouds, a través de la revisión bibliográfica y un estudio con usuarios utilizando técnicas de eye-tracking o seguimiento visual. Los resultados demuestran que tanto el tamaño de fuente como la forma del tag-cloud tienen una clara influencia en la exploración visual de los usuarios. Respecto a la ordenación de los tags, si bien la ordenación alfabética no ofrece ventajas en tareas de búsqueda exploratoria, los resultados sugieren que la agrupación semántica tampoco supone una mejora en términos de eficiencia en tareas de localización visual de los tags. Finalmente se proponen posibles mejoras en la presentación de los tag-clouds agrupados semánticamente, así como futuras líneas de investigación

Spain Spanish 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Evaluating the Information Architecture in an already deployed website is not an easy task. Most evaluation techniques are focused on examining system usability, but this is not the only factor that influences IA. The main technique that deals with IA in already deployed web environments is the Navigation Stress Test (NST). A new methodology makes this technique more informative by taking NST beyond simple notation on paper. This work proposes the use of NST combined with other usability testing techniques such as Thinking Aloud and a usability questionnaire. Eye tracking also has been used to supplement the information obtained from applied techniques. This new methodology has been tested by analyzing a series of websites belonging to Spanish public university libraries. The results of this study show the validity of the approach used, as well as the value that this approach and the use of Eye tracking bring to the analysis of IA compared to traditional NST.

Spain Spanish 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 information architecture user navigation evaluation stress HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
The design of robust and high-performance gaze-tracking systems is one of the most important objectives of the eye-tracking community. In general, a subject calibration procedure is needed to learn system parameters and be able to estimate the gaze direction accurately. In this paper, we attempt to determine if subject calibration can be eliminated. A geometric analysis of a gaze-tracking system is conducted to determine user calibration requirements. The eye model used considers the offset between optical and visual axes, the refraction of the cornea, and Donder's law. This paper demonstrates the minimal number of cameras, light sources, and user calibration points needed to solve for gaze estimation. The underlying geometric model is based on glint positions and pupil ellipse in the image, and the minimal hardware needed for this model is one camera and multiple light-emitting diodes. This paper proves that subject calibration is compulsory for correct gaze estimation and proposes a model based on a single point for subject calibration. The experiments carried out show that, although two glints and one calibration point are sufficient to perform gaze estimation (error approximately 1 degree), using more light sources and calibration points can result in lower average errors.

Spain 2008 Tobii eye tracking technology system calibration eliminate requirement

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

ABSTRACT
The objective of the present study is to use eye tracking in neuropsychological assessment of PDD children and adolescents. Ten clinically diagnosed PDD children and adolescents, mean age 11,9 (SD=3,22), were assessed. All children were pared by age and gender with a control group. The WISC III was used to assess intelligence and the eye movements parameters were assessed with Predictive Saccade Task (SP) and Anti-Saccade Task (AS). Significant differences between groups were found in the eye tracking tasks accuracy, errors and latency in the SP Task; and errors followed by correct responses in the AS Task. Results show lack on voluntary attention regulation, response inhibition, planning, and response initiation on the PDD group. All the differences corroborate previous literature. In conclusion, the assessment of eye movements in PDD children contributes to neuropsychological assessment, as well as to development of efficient interventions.

Spain 2008 Spanish Developmental Tobii 1750 eye tracking Neuropsychology autism assessment PDD saccade accuracy children

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to learn about the preferences of young people on the design of information in the media on the Internet. The research takes the view that the sample of students is selected from eight designs real information online. First valued in a quantitative way and then justify their responses. The quantitative and qualitative methodology allows the results benefit from statistical rigor and greater depth. Due to the number of elements that make up the message visual information, this exploratory research pretending to know which are the most Initial findings have realized that the main preferences are linked to the presence of the media and typographical. With this data has begun a new investigation that materializa only in a quantitative way, the importance of the components of the design cited.

2008 Spain HCI Usability Spanish Tobii internet design information quantitative qualitative typography eye tracking 1750 ClearView

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
Acquiring relevant information to keep user’s preferences up-to-date is crucial in recommender systems in order to close the cycle of recommendations. Ambient Intelligence is a suitable approach for non-intrusively closing the loop in recommender systems using ambient eye-trackers. We combine a method for acquiring relevance feedback through eye-tracking with the functionalities of an extractor agent. We describe the results of experiments conducted in a recommender system to obtain implicit feedback using eye fixations. Finally, we obtain a ranking of user’s most relevant preferences and behaviours.

HCI User Modelling Ambient Recommender Systems Implicit Relevance Feedback Eye Tracking spain 2005 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
One of the most confusing aspects that one meets when introducing oneself into gaze tracking technology is the wide variety, in terms of hardware equipment, of available systems that provide solutions to the same matter, that is, determining the point the subject is looking at. The calibration process permits generally adjusting nonintrusive trackers based on quite different hardware and image features to the subject. The negative aspect of this simple procedure is that it permits the system to work properly but at the expense of a lack of control over the intrinsic behavior of the tracker. The objective of the presented article is to overcome this obstacle to explore more deeply the elements of a video-oculographic system, that is, eye, camera, lighting, and so forth, from a purely mathematical and geometrical point of view. The main contribution is to find out the minimum number of hardware elements and image features that are needed to determine the point the subject is looking at. A model has been constructed based on pupil contour and multiple lighting, and successfully tested with real subjects. On the other hand, theoretical aspects of video-oculographic systems have been thoroughly reviewed in order to build a theoretical basis for further studies.

Algorithms Design Measurement gaze eye tracking model Spain 2007 Tobii

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

Abstract
We present an alternative interface that allows users to perceive new sensations in virtual environments. Gaze-based interaction in virtual environments creates the feeling of controlling objects with the mind, arguably translating into a more intense immersion sensation. Additionally, it is also free of some of the most cumbersome aspects of interacting in virtual worlds. By incorporating a real-time physics engine, the sensation of moving something real is further accentuated.\n\nWe also describe various simple yet effective techniques that allow eyetracking devices to enhance the three-dimensional visualization capabilities of current displays. Some of these techniques have the additional advantage of freeing the mouse from most navigation tasks.
This work focuses on the study of existing techniques, a detailed description of the implemented interface and the evaluation (both objective and subjective) of the interface. Given that appropriate filtering of the data from the eye tracker used is a key aspect for the correct functioning of the interface, we will also discuss that aspect in depth.

eye tracking virtual environments human-computer interaction video games input device Spain 2008 Tobii

in list: HCI & Usability , Eye Control

This paper demonstrates significant improvement in the performance of a computer vision system by incorporating the results of an experiment on human visual perception. This system was designed to solve a problem existing in the cork industry: the automatic classification of cork samples according to their quality. This is a difficult problem because cork is a natural and heterogeneous material. An eye-tracker was used to analyze the gaze patterns of a human expert trained in cork classification, and the results identified visual features of cork samples used by the expert in making decisions. Variations in lightness of the cork surface proved to be a key feature, and this finding was used to select the features included in the final system: defects in the sample (thresholding), size of the biggest defect (morphological operations), and four Laws textural features, all working on a Neuro-Fuzzy classifier. The results obtained from the final system show lower error rates than previous systems designed for this application.

Stopper quality cork industry vision science image processing automated visual inspection system perceptual features eye tracking Spain 2009 Tobii

in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science