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ABSTRACT
With heavy competition between iPhone games, proper
playtesting is vital in making an easy to use, fun game. Eye
tracking can give valuable insights in player behavior but
current handheld eye tracking set-ups suffer technologial
limitations, inhibiting normal play. This study aims to
identify the merits and shortcomings of a new handheld
eyetracking set-up for qualitative user research. It is part of
a series of ongoing tests to improve the set-up. In this
study, seven participants played an iPhone puzzle game
using the new set-up. Results indicated the set-up was
suited for simple tasks like browsing, but interfered with
normal gaming too much for most players. Factors
contributing to interference were: Lack of depth perception,
unnatural handling, uncomfortable posture and enlarged
display of hands. Solutions for improvement are discussed:
With longer practice for players and with tweaks to the setup,
interference can be reduced or partly removed.
Accurate depth perception remains a challenge, however.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
Research has shown that smokers have an attentional bias for pictorial smoking cues. The objective of the present study was to examine whether smokers also have an attentional bias for dynamic smoking cues in contemporary movies and therefore fixate more quickly, more often and for longer periods of time on dynamic smoking cues than non-smokers. By drawing upon established methods for assessing attentional biases for pictorial cues, we aimed to develop a new method for assessing attentional biases for dynamic smoking cues. We examined smokers’ and non-smokers’ eye movements while watching a movie clip by using eye-tracking technology. The sample consisted of 16 smoking and 17 non-smoking university students. Our results confirm the results of traditional pictorial attentional bias research. Smokers initially directed their gaze more quickly towards smoking-related cues (p = 0.01), focusing on them more often (p = 0.05) and for a longer duration (p = 0.01) compared with non-smokers. Thus, smoking cues in movies directly affect the attention of smokers. These findings indicate that the effects of dynamic smoking cues, in addition to other environmental smoking cues, need to be taken into account in smoking cessation therapies in order to increase successful smoking cessation and to prevent relapses.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses and evaluates an agent model that is able to manipulate the visual attention of a human, in order to support naval crew. The agent model consists of four submodels, including a model to reason about a subject’s attention. The model was evaluated based on a practical case study which was formally analysed and verified using automated checking tools. Results show how a human subject’s attention is manipulated by adjusting luminance, based on assessment of the subject’s attention. These first evaluations of the agent show a positive effect.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
Eye movement recordings produce large quantities of spatio-temporal data, and are more and more frequently used as an aid to gain further insight into human thinking in usability studies in GIScience domain among others. After reviewing some common visualization methods for eye movement data, the limitations of these methods are discussed. This paper proposes an approach that enables the use of the Space-Time-Cube (STC) for representation of eye movement recordings. Via interactive functions in the STC, spatio-temporal patterns in eye movement data could be analyzed. A case study is presented according to proposed solutions for eye movement data analysis. Finally, the advantages and limitations of using the STC to visually analyze eye movement recordings are summarized and discussed.
in list: General Eye Tracking
ABSTRACT
The aim of social robotics is to make robots that are integrated in our daily life and cooperate with humans. For efficient cooperation, the understanding of actions of other agents is important. In Artificial Intelligence the general assumption is that humans will perform the actions that are the most rational way to achieve a goal. Infant studies about action anticipation performed by Gergely, Nádasdy, Csibra and Bíró, (1995) and Csibra, Gergely, Bíró, Koós and Brockbank (1999) are often cited as support for the viability of that assumption. The present study, however, investigates the possibility that action anticipation is based on the frequency of an action instead of rationality. To test this hypothesis we performed an experiment using a habituation paradigm in which we measured the looking time as well as the anticipation of 9-month-old infants when they observed an agent performing one out of two possible actions. We manipulated the actions insofar as one of the actions was the more frequent but also more inefficient one, whereas the other was the more efficient but also more infrequent one. The anticipation measurements showed evidence for the frequency hypothesis, whereas the looking times provided no evidence for either the frequency hypothesis or the rationality theory. Therefore, it could be interesting to see how action models in Artificial Intelligence based on frequency will perform in comparison with or in cooperation with existing models based on rationality.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
A well-known finding in the literature on language acquisition is that English-speaking children as old as 6 frequently misinterpret object pronouns as co-referring with the local referential subject. However, the percentage of errors with respect to this so-called Delay of Principle B Effect (DPBE) varies substantially across studies. Conroy, Takahashi, Lidz and Phillips (2009) showed that in English the DPBE disappears when an elaborate context is presented in which the correct referent and the correct sentence interpretation are made accessible. They conclude from this that English-speaking children possess knowledge of Principle B but are hindered by a discourse context in which the potential referents and interpretations are not appropriately balanced. A similar disappearance of the DPBE was shown for Dutch by Spenader, Smits and Hendriks (2009). However, rather than presenting children with an elaborate context, they used a short introductory sentence that unambiguously established the correct referent as the discourse topic. They interpret their results as indicating that children’s grammar underdetermines the interpretation of pronouns. Because children’s interpretations only conform to Principle B if the discourse structure provides a clear topic, they conclude that children’s comprehension of pronouns is sensitive to discourse structure and that children are actually helped by the discourse. ...
in list: Linguistics
ABSTRACT
The adaptive regulation of the balance between exploitation and exploration is critical for the optimization of behavioral performance. Animal research and computational modeling have suggested that changes in exploitative vs. exploratory control state in response to changes in task utility are mediated by the neuromodulatory locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. Recent studies have suggested that utility-driven changes in control state correlate with pupil diameter, and that pupil diameter can be used as an indirect marker of LC activity. We measured participants’ pupil diameter while they performed a gambling task with a gradually changing pay-off structure. Each choice in this task can be classified as exploitative or exploratory, using a computational model of reinforcement learning. We examined the relationship between pupil diameter, task utility and choice strategy (exploitation vs. exploration), and found that (i) exploratory choices were preceded by a larger baseline pupil diameter than exploitative choices; (ii) individual differences in baseline pupil diameter were predictive of an individual’s tendency to explore; and (iii) changes in pupil diameter surrounding the transition between exploitative and exploratory choices correlated with changes in task utility. These findings provide novel evidence that pupil diameter correlates closely with control state, and are consistent with a role for the LC-NE system in the regulation of the exploration-exploitation trade-off in humans.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
Sinusoidal motion of elements in a random-dot pattern can elicit a striking percept of a rotating volume, a phenomenon known as structure-from-motion (SFM). We demonstrate that if the dots defining the volume are 2D mirror-symmetric, novel 3D interpretations arise. In addition to the classical rotating cylinder, one can perceive mirror-symmetric, flexible surfaces bending along the path of movement. In three experiments, we measured the perceptual durations of the different interpretations in a voluntary control task. The results suggest that motion signals and symmetry signals are integrated during surface interpolation. Furthermore, the competition between the rotating cylinder percept and the symmetric surfaces percept is resolved at the level of surface perception rather than at the level of individual stimulus elements. Concluding, structure-from-motion is an interactive process that incorporates not only motion cues but also form cues. The neurofunctional implication of this is that surface interpolation is not fully completed in its designated neural “engine,” MT/V5, but rather in a higher tier area such as LOC, which receives input from MT/V5 and which is also involved in symmetry detection.
in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science
ABSTRACT
Human orienting behaviour requires a complex interaction between the visual and the oculomotor system. We present orienting gaze data measured in children using a remote eye tracking system. The aim of the study was to validate a data analysis method which did not require off-line correction of data gaps due to eye blinking or inadequate gaze tracking. In two sessions, blocks of short movies, amongst others cartoons, were shown to 35 children (2–9 years) for a test–retest analysis. The cartoons were subsequently shown in one of the monitor corners. Orienting eye movements were analysed on the basis of saccadic reaction time (SRT), reaction time to fixation (RTF) of cartoon and gaze fixation area (GFA) Differences were tested for significance using the Wilcoxon-signed ranks test and reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). SRT values could be calculated in not, vert, similar50% of gaze data and ranged between 150(30) ms (mean(SD)) and 390(190) ms (average SRTmin and SRTmax values of all subjects). RTF values could be derived in not, vert, similar90% of gaze data with an average RTFmin of 210(30) ms and RTFmax of 570(160) ms. Test–retest analysis showed a significant increase of GFA during the second session with not, vert, similar5% (P < 0.05). The reliability of RTFmin and GFA was best with an ICC of 0.84 and 0.80, respectively (P < 0.0001). We conclude that remote eye tracking is well suited for quantification of timing and executing oculomotor fixations during orienting behaviour tasks. The presented method may be applied in young children with developmental disorders or brain damage.
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
This study examined whether 19-month-old infants' social understanding was related to their interaction behavior during dyadic cooperation with a peer. Toddlers' ability to predict others' action intentions was examined using a computerized experimental task. The children watched a series of stimulus movies in which an actor expressed her liking or disliking towards two different objects and then announced that she was going to grasp one of them. Toddlers' eye movements were registered, and it was examined whether they showed anticipatory looks to the object the model was going to grasp. During the dyadic cooperation task the toddlers interacted with an unfamiliar peer. Toddlers' interaction performance during cooperation was observed, and affiliative and antagonistic behaviors were coded. Intention understanding was positively correlated with affiliative behaviors, and negatively with antagonistic behaviors during the cooperation task. Measures of cooperation success were not related to toddlers' intention understanding. Toddlers' capability to understand others' intentions was thus closely associated with their peer interaction behavior, but not with their task performance.
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
Infants make predictions about actions they observe already during the first year of life. To investigate the role of the motor system in predicting the end state of observed actions, 12-month-old infants were shown movies of ordinary and extraordinary object-directed actions. The stimuli displayed a female actor who picked up an everyday object (a cup or a phone) and brought it to either her mouth or her ear. In this way, a similar movement could be ordinary (e.g., cup to mouth) or extraordinary (e.g., phone to mouth) depending on the object used. Infants' EEG and eye movements were recorded. We found a significantly stronger motor activation, indicated by a stronger desynchronization in the mu-frequency band over fronto-central areas, during observation of extraordinary compared to ordinary actions. This is explained within the computational framework of Kilner, Friston, and Frith (2007), who suggest that the motor system is used to generate predictions about actions we observe. If the observed action deviates from the initially expected path, additional predictions have to be generated, resulting in a stronger motor activation during perception of extraordinary actions. In sum, it appears that from early in life, the motor system is involved in making predictions about how an observed action will end.
in list: Developmental Research
ABSTRACT
Application of more and more automation in process control shifts the operator’s task from manual to supervisory control. Increasing system autonomy, complexity and information fluctuations make it extremely difficult to develop static support concepts that cover all critical situations after implementing the system. Therefore, support systems in dynamic domains should be dynamic as the domain itself. This paper elaborates on the state information needed from the operator to generate effective mitigation strategies. We describe implications of a real world experiment onboard three frigates of the Royal Netherlands Navy. Although new techniques allow us to measure, combine and gain insight in physiological, subjective and task information, many practical issues need to be solved.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
User-system interactions (e.g., mouse clicks and movements) can be logged with the uLog computer program. A Web-based study with 20 participants was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using uLog data as an indicator of workload and attention. Eye fixation, heart rate variability (HRV), and skin conductance were used to unveil users' workload and attention and, hence, to validate uLog data as indicators of these. Results on one of the Tasks did indeed show correlations between uLog data and HRV. This is a promising first step toward the validation of uLog mouse data as indicators of workload and attention.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
ABSTRACT
Visual information can in principle be dynamically optimised by monitoring the user’s state of attention, e.g. by tracking eye movements. Gaze directed displays are therefore an important enabling technology for attention aware systems. We present a state-of-the-art review of both (1) techniques to register the direction of gaze and (2) display techniques that can be used to optimally adjust visual information presentation to the capabilities of the human visual system and the momentary direction of viewing. We focus particularly on evaluation studies that were performed to assess the added value of these displays. We identify promising application areas and directions for further research.
in list: HCI & Usability
ABSTRACT
The use of eye movements in reading research is explained in a case study on the influence of bold type font and bullet lists on the comprehension of short explanatory texts. The article focuses on how meaningful reading times can be calculated from eye movements and discusses the software Fixation which allows for easy analysis of eye movements and data preparation for statistical testing.
in list: Linguistics
ABSTRACT
Eye movement recordings do not tell us whether observers are 'really looking' or whether they are paying attention to something else than the visual environment. We want to determine whether an observer's main current occupation is visual or not by investigating fixation patterns and EEG. Subjects were presented with auditory and visual stimuli. In some conditions, they focused on the auditory information whereas in others they searched or judged the visual stimuli. Observers made more fixations that are less cluttered in the visual compared to the auditory tasks, and they were less variable in their average fixation location. Fixated features revealed which target the observers were looking for. Gaze was not attracted more by salient features when performing the auditory task. 8-12 Hz EEG oscillations recorded over the parieto-occipital regions were stronger during the auditory task than during visual search. Our results are directly relevant for monitoring surveillance workers.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
Abstract
This article discusses the use of different techniques for uncovering cognitive processes, for research and instructional purposes: verbal reporting, eye tracking, and concept mapping. It is argued here that applying these techniques in research inspired by Cognitive Load Theory may increase our understanding of how and why well-known effects of instructional formats come about (e.g., split-attention, redundancy, or worked example effects) and refine or corroborate the proposed theoretical underpinnings of such effects. This knowledge can inform instructional design, and moreover, the effects of these techniques on learning can also be direct, by embedding the techniques in instruction.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
Abstract
To examine how visual attentional resources are allocated when learning from a complex animation about the cardiovascular system, eye movements were registered in the absence and presence of visual cues. Cognitive processing was assessed using cued retrospective reporting, whereas comprehension and transfer tests measured the quality of the constructed representation. Within the framework of Cognitive Load Theory, visual cues highlighting the subsystems of the heart were hypothesized to guide attention, reduce visual search and extraneous cognitive load, and enhance learning. As predicted, learners looked more often and longer at cued parts. However, we found no effects of cueing on visual search and cognitive load. With respect to cognitive processing, performance differences were found on the number of statements in the learners’ verbal reports. These findings suggest that visual cueing can guide attention in an animation, but other factors are also important in determining the effectiveness of visual cues on learning.
Paper PDF, from page 49:
http://publishing.eur.nl/ir/repub/asset/17496/Proefschrift%20Bjorn%20de%20Koning_inclusief%20omslag.pdf
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
Abstract
This research describes an approach to objective assessment of mental workload, by analyzing differences in pupil diameter and several aspects of eye movement (fixation time, saccade distance, and saccade speed) under different levels of mental workload. In an experiment, these aspects were measured by an eye-tracking device to examine whether these are indeed indicators for mental workload. Pupil diameter and fixation time both show a general significant increase if the mental workload increases while saccade distance and saccade speed do not show any significant differences. This assessment of mental workload could be a trigger for aiding the operator of an information system, in order to meet operational requirements.
Google Books link:
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8-_BZsFwhZ8C&oi=fnd&pg=PT237&ots=WFgCWespBF&sig=2SpN8X3huK9Bt1vThqRu6IxAOYI#v=onepage&q=&f=false
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
Abstract
Research has shown that guiding students’ attention guides their thought, and that attention can be communicated via eye movements. Therefore, this study investigates whether such a procedure can further enhance the effectiveness of examples in which a solution procedure is demonstrated to students by a (expert) model. Students’ attention was guided by showing them not only the model’s problem-solving actions on the computer screen, but also the model’s eye movements while doing so. Interestingly, results show that combined with a verbal description of the thought process, this form of attention guidance had detrimental effects on learning. Consequences for further research on attention guidance and instructional design are discussed.
in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology
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