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Things You Should Know But Probably Don’t… by mad WAHM
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If you’re like me, there are countless things you should know - but don’t. Don’t worry, there are people that spend their time digging up this info so we don’t have to. Make sure you know these things, there’s going to be a quiz later!Add Sticky Note
- A good chunk (possibly the majority) of these facts are entirely false, with many of the others being sensationalized.posted by the7777777 on 2008-05-04
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SAT Tutors Wanted! Flexible hours, great training, $30-$50/hr
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We need a minimum commitment through the Fall 2008 SAT dates (October and November)
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Starting pay rate ranges from $30-$36/hr
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Epicurus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tags: no_tag on 2008-05-01 and saved by3 people -All Annotations (0) -About
more fromen.wikipedia.org
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purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life, characterized by aponia, the absence of pain and fear, and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends
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pleasure and pain are the measures of what is good and bad
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death is the end of the body and the soul and should therefore not be feared
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the gods do not reward or punish humans
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the universe is infinite and eternal
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events in the world are ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space
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Huns - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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well-organized system of taxation
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superior weaponry such as the composite bow
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Under the leadership of Attila the Hun, the Huns achieved hegemony over several well-organized rivals
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Attila's Huns incorporated groups of unrelated tributary peoples. In Europe, Alans, Gepids, Scirii, Rugians, Sarmatians, Slavs and Gothic tribes all united under the Hun family military elite
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Supplementing their wealth by plundering wealthy Roman cities to the south, the Huns maintained the loyalties of a diverse number of tributary tribes
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Attila - Encyclopedia.com
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turned back and invaded (452) N Italy but abandoned his plan to take Rome itself
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Leaving Hungary with an army of perhaps half a million Huns and allies, Attila invaded Gaul but was defeated (451) by Aetius at Maurica
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His withdrawal
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In 450, however, the new Eastern emperor, Marcian , refused to render further tribute as did Valentinian III , emperor of the West
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Rise and fall: when Attila is dead. (glasnost)
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The well-trained soldiers of the neighboring states cannot match the ferocious energy of these barbarians, who crush and loot everything that stands in their way
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The rise and fall of such barbaric empires is intimately connected with charismatic military and religious leaders who succeed in mobilizing all the energy of the nation into one great effort
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after the death of this charismatic leader, the empire he has built up falls apart in one or another way
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Sometimes so does even the empire-building nation itself
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The Roman and Arabic empires, however, lasted much longer
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A barbaric society is nearly always militaristic: here a man is primarily a fighter, a soldier; the best thing for a man to do is to make war
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If the militarism becomes too dominant, the society can easily destroy itself completely, depleting both its material and its spiritual resources
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Ostrogoths - Encyclopedia.com
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By the 3d cent. AD, the Goths settled in the region N of the Black Sea
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split into two divisions, their names reflecting the areas in which they settled; the Ostrogoths settled in Ukraine
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Visigoths , or West Goths, moved further west of them
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By c.375 the Huns conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom ruled by Ermanaric , which extended from the Dniester River, north and east to the headwaters of the Volga River
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Ostrogoths were subject to the Huns until the death (453) of Attila , when they settled in Pannonia (roughly modern Hungary) as allies of the Byzantine (East Roman) empire
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chose (471) Theodoric the Great as king
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Huns - Encyclopedia.com
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military superiority was due to their small, rapid horses, on which they practically lived, even eating and negotiating treaties on horseback
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Attila , their greatest king, had his palace in Hungary
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crossed the Danube, penetrated deep into the Eastern Empire, and forced (432) Emperor Theodosius to pay them tribute
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Having swept across Asia, they invaded the lower Volga valley c.372 and advanced westward, pushing the Germanic Ostrogoths and Visigoths before them and thus precipitating the great waves of migrations that destroyed the Roman Empire and changed the face of Europe
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similarity of their tactics and habits with those of the White Huns, the Magyars, the Mongols , and the Turks
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appeared in Europe in the 4th cent. AD, and built up an empire there
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organized in a predominantly military manner
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Divided into hordes, they undertook extensive independent campaigns, living off the countries they ravaged
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short and of somewhat Mongolian appearance
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Attila the Hun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hunnic Empire which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea (see map below)
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Irreligion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tags: no_tag on 2007-12-11 and saved by2 people -All Annotations (0) -About
more fromen.wikipedia.org
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1.1% (Atheism and Agnosticism are illegal)
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Suicide (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
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Suicide
is, according to Sartre, an opportunity to stake out our understanding
of our essence as individuals in a godless world For the
existentialists, suicide was not a choice shaped mainly by moral
considerations but by concerns about the individual as the sole source
of meaning in a meaningless universe
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IngentaConnect The Impossible Project of Love in Sartre's Being and Nothingness,...
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The two stories' tolerant vision of the complex social and psychological reasons for adopting being-for-others as one's dominant modality contrasts with Sartre's rigorous critique of reliance on being-for-others as a form of bad faith in Being and Nothingness.
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The Transcendence of the Ego: Conclusion
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But if the I becomes a transcendent, it participates in
all the vicissitudes of the world. It is no absolute; it has
not created the uuniverse; it falls like other existences at the stroke
of the epoch [epoché]; and solipsism becomes unthinkable from
the moment that the I no longer has a priveledged status -
Instead
of expressing itself in effect as "I alone exist as absolute," it must
assert that "absolute consciousness alone exists as absolute," which is obviously
a truism. My I, in effect, is no more certain for consciousness
than the I of other men. It is only more intimate -
The phenomenologists have plunged man back
into the world; they have given full measure to man's agonies and sufferings,
and also to his rebellions -
Unfortunately, as long as the I
remains a structure of absolute consciousness, one will still be able to
reproach phenomenology for being an escapist doctrine, for again pulling
a part of man out of the world and, in that way, turning our attention from
the real problems. It seems to us that this reproach no longer has
any justification if one makes the me an existent, strictly
contemporaneous with the world, whose existence has the same essential
characteristics as the world -
has always seemed to me that a working
hypothesis as fruitful as historical materialism never needed for a foundation
the absurdity which is metaphysical materialism -
not
necessary that the object precede the subject for spiritual pseudo-values
to vanish and for ethics to find its bases in reality -
is enough
that the me be contemporaneous with the World, and that the subject-object
duality, which is purely logical, definitively disappear from philosophical
preoccupations -
The World has not created the me; the me
has not created the World -
This absolute consciousness, when it is purified
of the I, no longer has anything of the subject -
no longer a collection of representations
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quite simply a first
condition and an absolute source of existence -
the relation of
interdependence established by this absolute consciousness between the
me and the World is sufficient for the me to appear as "endangered"
before the World, for the me (indirectly and through the intermediary
of states) to draw the whole of its content from the World -
No more
is needed in the way of a philosophical foundation for an ethics and a politics
which are absolutely positive -
We should like to show
here that the ego is neither formally nor materially in consciousness:
it is outside, in the world. It is a being of the world, like
the ego of another
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Jean-Michel Heimonet - Bataille and Sartre: The Modernity of Mysticism - Diacritics 26:2
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This is undoubtedly because any truly forceful mind
is also a mind so obsessed and fascinated by its own way of apprehending
the world that it can admit no other system of reference, no other range
of values than its own -
"A New Mysticism" is a "boomerang" text, or
a revealing one, in the photographic sense, being more valuable for
what it tells us about its author than for what it teaches about the
object being criticized -
Sartre's vision of a coherent and intelligible world
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The entire second part of Sartre's essay, which concentrates on the
examination of this "form," will be to demonstrate the essentially
perverse and noxious character of Inner Experience. As heir to
the Enlightenment, and on his way toward Marxism, Sartre reproaches
Bataille for having God survive his own death, and for inventing, by
way of a detour through a critical approach pushed to its limits, a
new form of religion, independent of dogma, rites of worship, and a
church, and all the more impossible to exorcise since it is based,
as in Kierkegaard, on lived experience--in the sense in which German
phenomenology uses the term Erlebnis [see 189]. -
Bataille defines inner experience by opposition to traditional
mysticism; the sacred that is revealed is not tied to the attainment
of transcendence but results instead from the exercise of the critical
faculties, through the infinite questioning of thought and language. To
counter this, Sartre will have to prove that Bataille is a "real" mystic,
not simply a "devout Christian" but a Christian "ashamed" of being a
Christian
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SparkNotes: Jean-Paul Sartre: Being and Nothingness
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Being-in-itself
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being-for-itself
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Being-in-itself is concrete, lacks the ability
to change, and is unaware of itself -
Being-for-itself is conscious
of its own consciousness but is also incomplete. -
this
undefined, nondetermined nature is what defines man -
Since the for-itself
(like man) lacks a predetermined essence, it is forced to create
itself from nothingness -
nothingness is the defining
characteristic of the for-itself -
Sartre next introduces the related truth that the being-for-itself possesses
meaning only through its perpetual foray into the unknown future. -
In other words, a man is not essentially what one might describe
him as now. -
For example, if he is a teacher, he is not a teacher
in the way that a rock, as a being-in-itself, is a rock. -
In truth,
the man is never an essence, no matter how much he strives at self-essentialism. -
the individual nonetheless
projects himself by ascribing meaning to, or taking meaning from,
his concrete characteristics and thus negating them -
The for-itself
is consciousness, yet the instance this consciousness makes its own
being a question, the irreconcilable fissure between the in-itself and
the for-itself is affirmed.
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Philosophy- Squashed Sartre - Existentialism is a Humanism - Condensed Abridged
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The Existentialist ideal begins with the idea that humans
should stop wasting time puzzling over the curiosity of their own
existence and begin instead by accepting it as a fact, the first
and most necessary fact; "existence precedes
essence" -
Philosophy for the
straightforward -
We are not figments of each other's imagination
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I am the
architect of my own self, my own character and destiny -
I am the things I
have done and nothing more -
We are all free, completely free. We
can each do any damn thing we want. Which is more than most of us
dare to imagine. -
Existentialists, be they Christians or atheists (like
myself) believe that existence comes before essence- that
we must begin with the subjective -
A manufactured object,
say a paper knife, is made to serve a purpose -
For us,
our existence comes first, we have each our own Project;
to choose our own purpose, and in doing so to choose an
image for all to follow -
We must
despair of help from outside our will, or beyond
the possibilities of action -
Descartes said "Conquer
yourself" and meant the same- that we should act
without hope -
I say that reality is action
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We must judge the
artist by his works, the man by his actions; not by mere
hopes, dreams and unfulfilled expectations -
We are not
pessimists, but sturdy optimists -
We begin with Descartes I think, therefore I am-
the basic truth for everyone. But we discover in it all
others as well as ourselves -
not anarchists
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nor are we immoral
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We judge a man
by his commitments and accuse those who deny their
freedom of bad faith -
We cannot have liberty
unless there is liberty for all. We have to take things
as they are. -
state frankly
that man is in anguish unable but to choose -
held that each person must decide for
themselves. Considered the founder of existentialism -
Kierkegaard, Søren
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Being honest to your own essence
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"bad faith" (sometimes interpreted as
"self-deception"); our failure to follow our essence -
To Sartre we can't do
things without purpose -
For the others- existence with for and
defining others -
En-Soi: "In itself"- existence defined by the
nature of the (inanimate) thing.
Pour-Soi: "For itself"- existence chosen by the
(human) thing. -
Relating to, or arising from, the mind alone
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Subjective:
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Essence: The fundamental nature, the immaterial basic
characteristic -
Existentialism: "Belief from existence"; the
philosophy that declares 'Existence precedes Essence'. -
Atheist existentialism (of which I am a representative) declares
that there is only one being whose existence comes before its
essence - that being is man (or, as Heidegger has it, human
reality) -
man first of all exists,
encounters himself, surges up in the world - and defines himself
afterwards -
no human nature, because there is no God to
have a conception of it -
When a man chooses for himself, he chooses for all men, He
creates an image of man such as he believes he ought to be. If I
decide to marry, even though this decision proceeds simply from
my desire, I am thereby committing not only myself but humanity
as a whole to the practice of monogamy