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10 Dec 09

Brain Stimulant: Brain Chip to Restore Functioning from Damage

The ReNaChip project is developing electronic biomimetic technology that could serve to replace damaged or missing brain tissue. This is basically neuromorphic engineering that seeks to mimic how neurons function. In the future this may be useful for people who have had injuries due to stroke or other illnesses.

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brain Brain Chip restore damage neuromorphic engineering neurons stroke

The ReNaChip project is developing electronic biomimetic technology that could serve to replace damaged or missing brain tissue. This is basically neuromorphic engineering that seeks to mimic how neurons function. In the future this may be useful for people who have had injuries due to stroke or other illnesses.
The objective of this project is to develop a full biohybrid rehabilitation and substitution methodology; replacing the aged cerebellar brain circuit with a biomimetic chip bidirectionally interfaced to the inputs and outputs of the system. Information processing will interface with the cerebellum to actuate a normal, real-time functional behavioural recovery, providing a proof-of-concept test for the functional rehabilitation of more complex neuronal systems.
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- A sophisticated exocortex could potentially allow a two way communication between the external apparatus and the mind. The contraption could essentially scale up the amount of neurons in your brain by an artificial means. Most likely it would be used to improved the disabled first, with other applications being more speculative possibilities.

19 Jul 09

YouTube - Health Matters: Behavior and Our Brain

In an interview Ph.D. Terrence Sejnowski from Salk Institute for biological studies explains about many things about brains and behavior.

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youtube Sejnowski learning adaptation interaction brain human abilities environment brain change brain imaging music critical periods neurons fetus brain disorders genes evolution language distincion behavior addiction dopamine stimulus ratification intui

04 Jul 09

Neuroscience For Kids - Explore the nervous system

faculty.washington.edu/...introb.html - Preview

brain neurons spinal cord nervous system sensory system learning teaching education

29 Jun 09

YouTube - Neurons and How They Work

Fantastic video in youtube about neurons and how they work,

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neurons youtube brain synapse neurotransmitters

21 Jun 09

Scientists capture the first image of memories being made

A new study by researchers at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (The Neuro), McGill University and University of California, Los Angeles has captured an image for the first time of a mechanism, specifically protein translation, which underlies long-term memory formation.

www.eurekalert.org/...mu-sct061809.php - Preview

brain memory protein translation long-term memory proteins synapse synaptic connection learning synaptic plasticity post-synaptic cell neurons

A new study by researchers at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (The Neuro), McGill University and University of California, Los Angeles has captured an image for the first time of a mechanism, specifically protein translation, which underlies long-term memory formation. The finding provides the first visual evidence that when a new memory is formed new proteins are made locally at the synapse - the connection between nerve cells - increasing the strength of the synaptic connection and reinforcing the memory. The study published in Science, is important for understanding how memory traces are created and the ability to monitor it in real time will allow a detailed understanding of how memories are formed.
research has focused on synapses which are the main site of exchange and storage in the brain.
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- They form a vast but also constantly fluctuating network of connections whose ability to change and adapt, called synaptic plasticity, may be the fundamental basis of learning and memory.
- Using a translational reporter, a fluorescent protein that can be easily detected and tracked, we directly visualized the increased local translation, or protein synthesis, during memory formation.
- Importantly, this translation was synapse-specific and it required activation of the post-synaptic cell, showing that this step required cooperation between the pre and post-synaptic compartments, the parts of the two neurons that meet at the synapse.
- This study provides evidence that a mechanism that mediates this gene expression during neuronal plasticity involves regulated translation of localized mRNA at stimulated synapses.

13 May 09

YouTube - New neurons migrate along blood vessels

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brain migrate neuron neurons

New cells in the adult brain migrate long distances by crawling along blood vessels : Neurophilosophy

The journey undertaken by newly generated neurons in the adult brain is like the cellular equivalent of the arduous upstream migration of salmon returning to the rivers in which they were hatched. Soon after they are born in the subventricular zone near the back of the brain, these cells migrate to the front-most tip of of the olfactory bulb. This is the furthest point from their birth place, and they traverse two-thirds of the length of the brain to get there.

scienceblogs.com/...awling_along_blood_vessels.php - Preview

brain migrate neuron neurons

new study by Canadian researchers shows that the cells travel such long distances by crawling along the capillaries in the olfactory bulb.
Cell migration is a key feature of nervous system development, and the mechanisms underlying these movements are well characterised. As a general rule, migrating cells rely on the combined activity of chemical signals to find their way.
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- Upon arriving at their destination, the cells begin to extend axons and dendrites, whose paths are guided by the same kinds of cues.
- In the adult brain, cells born in the subventricular zone enter the olfactory bulb, where they are ensheathed by astrocytic cells before migrating in chains along it through the rostral migratory stream.

04 Apr 09

Phasic Firing Of Dopamine Neurons Is Key To Brain's Prediction Of Rewards

www.sciencedaily.com/...090403144032.htm - Preview

dopamine neurons brain learning rewards behavior

Our research findings provide a direct functional link between the bursting activity of midbrain dopamine neurons and behavior. The research has significant applications for the improvement of health, because the dopamine neurons we are studying are the same neurons that become inactivated during Parkinson's Disease and with the consumption of psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine
Midbrain dopamine neurons fire in two characteristic modes, tonic and phasic, which are thought to modulate distinct aspects of behavior. When an unexpected reward is presented to an individual, midbrain dopamine neurons fire high frequency bursts of electrical activity. Those bursts of activity allow us to learn to associate the reward with cues in our environment, which may predict similar rewards in the future.
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- When researchers placed the mice in reward-based situations, they found that the mice without the NMDA receptor in their dopaminergic neurons could not learn tasks that required them to associate sensory cues with reward. Those same mice, however, were able to learn tasks that did not involve an association with rewards.