Rudy Garns's Library tagged moral → View Popular, Search in Google

Apr

2012

Jonathan Haidt and the Moral Matrix: Breaking Out of Our Righteous Minds | Guest Blog, Scientific American Blog Network

blogs.scientificamerican.com/...ing-out-of-our-righteous-minds

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moral Haidt

Mar

2012

Moral Relativism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

plato.stanford.edu/...moral-relativism

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moral relativism moral-relativism

an empirical thesis that there are deep and widespread moral disagreements and a metaethical thesis that the truth or justification of moral judgments is not absolute, but relative to some group of persons
As a matter of empirical fact, there are deep and widespread moral disagreements across different societies, and these disagreements are much more significant than whatever agreements there may be.
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- The truth or falsity of moral judgments, or their justification, is not absolute or universal, but is relative to the traditions, convictions, or practices of a group of persons.
- no rational basis for resolving these differences
- moral objectivism maintains that moral judgments are ordinarily true or false in an absolute or universal sense, that some of them are true, and that people sometimes are justified in accepting true moral judgments (and rejecting false ones) on the basis of evidence available to any reasonable and well-informed person.
- Moral skepticism says that we are never justified in accepting or rejecting moral judgments.
- associate moral relativism with naturalism, a position that presupposes the objectivity of the natural sciences.
- the term ‘moral relativism’ is sometimes associated with a normative position concerning how we ought to think about, or behave towards, persons with whom we morally disagree. Usually the position is formulated in terms of tolerance.
- moral skepticism
- moral judgments lack truth-value
- more than one morality may be true, but there are limits on which moralities are true
- the universal constraints are sufficiently open-ended that there is more than one way to respect them. Hence, there can be more than one true morality. This is pluralistic relativism.
- one objectively correct understanding of the human good, and that this understanding provides a basis for criticizing the moral traditions of different societies.

Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy - Relativism

www.phil.cmu.edu/...R_Relativism.html

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moral relativism metaethics ethics 110

diversity of moral judgment across time, societies and individuals.
Meta-ethical relativism is the doctrine that there is no single true or most justified morality
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- shared norms must be described in an extremely general way and that once one examines the concrete forms they take in different societies, one sees significant variety
- many moral beliefs presuppose religious and metaphysical beliefs, and that these beliefs, rather than any difference in fundamental values, give rise to much moral diversity
- moral disagreement is consistent with the possibility that some moral judgments are truer or more justified than others
- a good part of morality arises out of the need to structure and regulate social cooperation and to resolve conflicts of interest. Meta-ethical relativism is true because there is no single valid way to structure social cooperation.
- Moderate relativists, such as Foot (1978), Walzer and Wong (1984), deny that there is any single true morality but also hold that some moralities are truer or more justified than others.

Dec

2011

What Moral Virtues Should We Enhance?

Practical Ethics

blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/...oral-virtues-should-we-enhance

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moral neuroethics virtue enhancement

in list: Neuroethics

Oct

2011

A Moral Gene?

Science Sushi, Scientific American Blog Network

blogs.scientificamerican.com/...a-moral-gene

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moral gene neuroethics genetics

in list: Neuroethics

Sep

2011

Moral Sentiment and the Politics of Human Rights – Sharon Krause : the art of theory – a quarterly journal of political philosophy

www.artoftheory.com/-of-human-rights-sharon-krause

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sentiment politics human rights philosophy moral

Sep

2011

Moral Judgment Fails Without Feelings

www.sciencedaily.com/...070321181940.htm

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moral judgment neuroethics emotions

in list: Neuroethics

Sep

2011

Magnets make morals moot? | Neuroethics at the Core

neuroethicscanada.wordpress.com/...magnets-make-morals-moot

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neuroethics moral judgments TMS

in list: Neuroethics

“TMS did not disrupt participant’s ability to make any moral judgement.”
difference was only of about 15%
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- TMS may interfere with other cognitive functions that have nothing to do with morality.

Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments

www.pnas.org/...6753.full.pdf

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neuroethics moral judgments TMS

in list: Neuroethics

Altering Moral Judgments with Magnetism - Davenport | Neuroethics & Law Blog

Research of the last couple decades has shown that injuries to a part of the brain called the right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), located at the brain's surface above and behind the right ear, can change a patient's moral judgments.

kolber.typepad.com/...-with-magnetism-davenport.html

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neuroethics moral judgments TMS

in list: Neuroethics

Research of the last couple decades has shown that injuries to a part of the brain called the right
temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), located at the brain’s surface above and behind the right ear, can change a patient’s moral judgments.
Researchers have recently found that they can induce a similar effect using magnetism (transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS) to disrupt RTPJ activity. When participants were exposed to magnetic “bursts” from a TMS device, their judgments about what is morally permissible significantly changed.

The Brain and Moral Beliefs

brainposts.blogspot.com/...s-brain-and-moral-beliefs.html

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neuroethics cognition moral

in list: Neuroethics

The Moral Sentiment Task is a 98-item interview where subjects are given a scenario and asked to pick one of four responses that describes the feeling they would experience in that situation.
frontotemporal dementia
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- impairment in social behaviors
- FTD, patients showed widespread decreased frontal lobe glucose utilization compared to controls.
- They note that there is significant overlap between processes involved in social cognition and moral judgment.
- implicit processes (occurring rapidly with little cognitive effort and outside conscious awareness) or explicit processes (deliberate, cognitively taxing and consciously accessible)
- The prefrontal cortex appears to be a key area involved in making moral judgments.

The Feeling Brain: Moral cognition and neuroethics

feelingbrain.blogspot.com/...cognition-and-neuroethics.html

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neuroethics cognition moral

in list: Neuroethics

Although these patients were able to pass regular IQ tests and showed knowledge of social/moral circumstances, they failed at playing the Iowa Gambling Test and their real-life actions proved disastrous.
unable to feel their way through life
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- patients with early childhood prefrontal damage who exhibited strong signs of egocentric, immoral behavior.
- their knowledge of moral norms was undeveloped
- “We are endowed with a moral faculty that operates over the casual-intentional properties of actions and events as they connect to particular consequences. We posit a theory of universal moral grammar which consists of the principles and parameters that are a part and parcel of this biological endowment. Our universal moral grammar provides a toolkit for building possible moral systems. Which particular moral system emerges reflects details of the local environment or culture, and a process of environmental pruning whereby particular parameters are selected and set early in development”
- Once you understand someone’s behavior on a sufficiently mechanical level, it’s very hard to look at them as evil...You can look at them as dangerous; you can pity them. But evil doesn’t exist on a neuronal level

Sep

2011

Moral Judgment and Moral Politics - Jonathan Haidt

At the heart of my research and theory is the "Social Intuitionist Model," which lays out an account of how moral reasoning and moral emotions work together to produce moral judgments. In brief, the model says that moral judgments are like aesthetic judgments -- we make them quickly and intuitively. We know what is right and wrong in much the same way we know what is beautiful. When called on to explain ourselves we make up reasons after the fact. Moral reasoning does affect judgment, but this happens primarily in between people, as they talk, gossip, and argue (hence the "social" part of the model).

people.virginia.edu/...moraljudgment.html

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Haidt neuroethics moral judgment

in list: Neuroethics

At the heart of my research and theory is the “Social Intuitionist Model,” which lays out an account of how moral reasoning and moral emotions work together to produce moral judgments. In brief, the model says that moral judgments are like aesthetic judgments -- we make them quickly and intuitively. We know what is right and wrong in much the same way we know what is beautiful. When called on to explain ourselves we make up reasons after the fact. Moral reasoning does affect judgment, but this happens primarily in between people, as they talk, gossip, and argue (hence the “social” part of the model).

Jul

2011

The Maze of Moral Relativism - NYTimes.com

The Maze of Moral Relativism
By PAUL BOGHOSSIAN

opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/...the-maze-of-moral-relativism

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moral relativism

Relativism is not always a coherent way of responding to the rejection of a certain class of facts. When we decided that there were no such things as witches, we didn’t become relativists about witches.
when Einstein taught us, in his Special Theory of Relativity, that there was no such thing as the absolute simultaneity of two events, the recommended outcome was that we become relativists about simultaneity,
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- plays something like the same sort of role
- But the property of “being a witch according to a belief system T” is not a kind of witch, but a kind of content
- whether there are relativistic cousins of “right” and “wrong” that can play something like the same role that absolute “right” and “wrong” play.
- There is no half-way house called “moral relativism,” in which we continue to use normative vocabulary with the stipulation that it is to be understood as relativized to particular moral codes.
- we are relativists about etiquette in the sense that, with respect to a restricted range of issues (such as table manners and greetings), we take the correct absolute norm to be “we ought not, other things being equal, offend our hosts.”
- the relativism of etiquette depends on the existence of absolute moral norms
- once we have admitted that there are some absolute moral facts, it is hard to see why we shouldn’t think that there are many

May

2010

Moral Life of Babies

The mental life of young humans not only is an interesting topic in its own right; it also raises — and can help answer — fundamental questions of philosophy and psychology, including how biological evolution and cultural experience conspire to shape human nature. - NYTimes.com

www.nytimes.com/...09babies-t.html

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moral morality children neuroethics grue