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prefrontal cortex in executive control
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Impaired performance on these measures was associated with damage to a distributed network of left lateralized brain areas, including regions of frontal and parietal cortex and white matter association tracts, which bind these areas into a coordinated system
DNA study links variations in intelligence to large numbers of genes, each with a small effect on individual brainpower
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Genetic differences between people account for up to half of the variation in intelligence,
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"It has been getting clearer and clearer that any genetic contribution to traits on which people differ – like height and weight – comes about from large numbers of gene differences, each with very small effects,"
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genetics actually accounts for more than 50% of intelligence because there are surely some additional more complicated genetic influences unmeasured by the simple SNP analysis.
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genetics actually accounts for more than 50% of intelligence because there are surely some additional more complicated genetic influences unmeasured by the simple SNP analysis.
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A good part of the “environmental” causes of differences in intelligence is going to be the result of random and undiscoverable micro-variables and just the general random development of the brain.
"The elephants already knew how to use a rope to pull a food-bearing table within reach. But what if the only way to move the table was two elephants pulling on separate ropes simultaneously?"
" So if you use such terms, define what you mean! Strictly, ``symbolic AI'' is a misnomer, because connectionist systems also symbolise things. It would be better to say ``AI as computation over discrete symbol systems''. I shall explain why in the following section. However, for brevity, I'll stick to the term ``symbolic AI''. "
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explicit representation of world-models, goals, and such entitities
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AI as computation over discrete symbol systems
"This is a highly polemical critique of the "Cyc" system being constructed by Douglas Lenat and his colleagues at MCC in Texas, purportedly to capture "common sense knowledge." It caused a fair amount of furor when it was published, and was responded to in print (also in IEEE Expert) by both Lenat himself and Yuval Lirov of AT&T Bell Laboratories. "
"Who Is He? Doug Lenat is an artificial intelligence pioneer who is leading the human "memome" project, an effort to codify all the common sense in a person's head."
Lev Grossman talks to Doug Lenat to find out
Time-Digital Magazine, October 1998
"Connectionist Models of Cognition is a web-based textbook designed to introduce the key concepts in the area of neural networks. It targets both faculty and students interested in the application of parallel distributed processing models to cognitive phenomena either in a teaching or research capacity. The textbook provides hands-on modeling experience with a variety of standard architectures and the opportunity to begin developing your own models. A background in connectionist theory is not required."
"This review has been designed with the expectation that its readers are new to the area, and care is taken to explain concepts fully. The review should provide an interesting and accessible introduction for beginners, but may be somewhat redundant for readers with more background in the area. Nevertheless, more advanced readers may find interesting links and demonstrations throughout the review. Also, in hopes of keeping the tutorial accessible, many of the more technical issues in AI have been simplified or avoided, with more emphasis being put on conceptual developments and interactive examples. For readers interested in implementation issues, and a computer science perspective, see the University of Nottingham AIM course. "
"When will human-level AIs finally arrive? We don’t mean the narrow-AI software that already runs our trading systems, video games, battlebots and fraud detection systems. Those are great as far as they go, but when will we have really intelligent systems like C3PO, R2D2 and even beyond? When will we have Artificial General Intelligences (AGIs) we can talk to? Ones as smart as we are, or smarter?"
"Of course, if our analysis is correct, there are all sorts of dramatic implications for science, society and humanity (and beyond) — but many of these have been discussed elsewhere, and reviewing this body of thought is not our purpose here. These implications are worth deeply considering — but the first thing is to very clearly understand that the intelligence explosion is very probably coming, just as I.J. Good foresaw."
"What is Artificial Intelligence?
By Jack Copeland
©Copyright B.J. Copeland, May 2000"
"When I first interviewed at Google during the summer of 2004, mobile was just making its way onto the company’s radar. My passion was speech technology, the field in which I’d already worked for 20 years. After 10 years of speech research at SRI, followed by 10 years helping build Nuance Communications, the company I co-founded in 1994, I was ready for a new challenge. I felt that mobile was an area ripe for innovation, with a need for speech technology, and destined to be a key platform for delivery of services."
"Geoffrey Hinton, a pioneer in artificial intelligence, was awarded the country’s top science prize last week, the prestigious Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal. The prize by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council comes with a guarantee of $1-million in funding over five years. The University of Toronto researcher spoke with Anne McIlroy on his efforts to get computers to learn the way humans do."
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the reason different regions of the brain do different things is mainly because of what they are connected to.
"The "Watson program may turn out to be a major advance, because unlike most previous AI projects, it does not depend mainly on a single technique, such as reinforcement learning [learning via reward and punishment], or simulated evolution ... but tries to combine multiple methods," MIT computer scientist Marvin Minsky wrote in an email."
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