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diversity of moral judgment across time, societies and individuals.
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Meta-ethical relativism is the doctrine that there is no single true or most justified morality
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morality is somehow dependent upon God, and that moral obligation consists in obedience to God’s commands.
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we should abandon talk of morality as law, and instead focus on morality as virtue.
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in list: Neuroethics
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emotion and reason both play critical roles in moral judgment
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a "dual-process" theory of moral judgment according to which characteristically deontological moral judgments (judgments associated with concerns for "rights" and "duties") are driven by automatic emotional responses, while characteristically utilitarian or consequentialist moral judgments (judgments aimed at promoting the "greater good") are driven by more controlled cognitive processes
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"For the purposes of later work on meta-ethics (a long series explaining my meta-ethical theory, pluralistic moral reductionism), it will be helpful for me to summarize Peter Railton’s moral reductionism for my audience. To do so, I’ll be summarizing some of chapter 9 in Miller’s Introduction to Contemporary Metaethics."
"Aristotle conceives of ethical theory as a field distinct from the theoretical sciences. Its methodology must match its subject matter—good action—and must respect the fact that in this field many generalizations hold only for the most part. We study ethics in order to improve our lives, and therefore its principal concern is the nature of human well-being. "
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writings about character.
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we will be better able to achieve our good if we develop a fuller understanding of what it is to flourish
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"Virtue ethics is a broad term for theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to bring about good consequences. A virtue ethicist is likely to give you this kind of moral advice: “Act as a virtuous person would act in your situation.”"
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Virtue ethics is a broad term for theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to bring about good consequences. A virtue ethicist is likely to give you this kind of moral advice: “Act as a virtuous person would act in your situation.”
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wider questions—“How should I live?” and “What is the good life?” and “What are proper family and social values?”
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systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.
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arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct.
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Philosopher Susan Anderson is teaching machines how to behave ethically.
in list: Evolution
Sam Harris heads the youth wing of the New Atheists. "The End of Faith," his blistering take-no-prisoners attack on the irrationality of religions, found him many fans and, not surprisingly, a great body of detractors.
in list: Neuroethics
In his new book The Moral Landscape, Sam Harris claims that science 'reveals' values to us. Kwame Anthony Appiah is one of the many who have pointed out that Harris makes the common mistake of seeking to derive an 'ought' from a series of mere 'is' statements, a mistake pointed out by David Hume centuries ago.
in list: Neuroethics
This paper presents the principal findings from a three-year research project funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) on ethics of human enhancement technologies. To help untangle this ongoing debate, we have organized the discussion as a list of questions and answers, starting with background issues and moving to specific concerns, including: freedom & autonomy, health & safety, fairness & equity, societal disruption, and human dignity. Each question-and-answer pair is largely self-contained, allowing the reader to skip to those issues of interest without affecting continuity.
Our intuitions are systematically biased. Evolutionary psychology explains how our moral intuitions and the rationalizations they spawn have been shaped by millennia of natural selection to maximize the inclusive fitness of our genes and not to track the welfare of other sentient beings impartially conceived. Many human cultures have found nothing intuitively wrong with aggressive warfare, slavery, wife beating, infanticide or female genital mutilation. Ultimately, folk morality is a doomed enterprise as hopeless as folk physics. A mature posthuman ethics, I'd argue, must be committed to the well being of all sentient life; and mature posthuman technology offers the means to deliver that commitment. | h+ Magazine
Brain-implantable devices have a promising future. Key safety issues must be resolved, but the ethics of this new technology present few totally new challenges, says Jens Clausen. (Nature)
in list: Clones, Drones and Cyborgs
What is actually needed is an unbiased assessment of both the perils and promises of cloning humans. (Jacob M. Appel)
in list: Clones, Drones and Cyborgs
What if they gave a war and nobody came?
That was a popular slogan for peace demonstrators of the Vietnam era (including me).
It might be repeated, with a slight revision, at some point during this century:
What if they gave a robot war and nobody came?
in list: Clones, Drones and Cyborgs
Whatever role one believes emotions should play in moral judgment, new research demonstrates that the influence of these low-level passions is profound. In fact, a study published in Science earlier this month suggests that many moral judgments are mediated by the same emotional mechanism that is activated by rotten leftovers and dirty socks. (Olivia Scheck)
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many moral judgments are mediated by the same emotional mechanism that is activated by rotten leftovers and dirty socks
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the authors used electromyography to compare the activation of facial muscles in response to bitter tastes, pictures of physically disgusting stimuli and, finally, moral transgressions. Not only was the disgust expression elicited in all three conditions, it was also shown to predict future moral decisions – suggesting not only that moral disgust exists, but that it is – to a surprising degree – driving our behavior.
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