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"The elephants already knew how to use a rope to pull a food-bearing table within reach. But what if the only way to move the table was two elephants pulling on separate ropes simultaneously?"
"Anthropologist Kim Hill and colleagues (including Barry Hewlett, my former advisor) published a study in Science last week that contains a rather important finding: residence patterns shift widely in hunter-gatherers and, as a result, most members of the social group are genetically unrelated. They write, "These patterns produce large interaction networks of unrelated adults and suggest that inclusive fitness cannot explain extensive cooperation in hunter-gatherer bands.""
One of the enduring questions of human existence relates to the tension between private and common interest. Often framed as the distinction between cooperation and individualism, it can be summarized as asking, "to what extent are my actions determined by my desire to pursue my own self-interest versus the interests of others."
in list: Neuroethics
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We show that reward is as effective as punishment for maintaining public cooperation and leads to higher total earnings.
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reward outperforms punishment in repeated public goods games and that human cooperation in such repeated settings is best supported by positive interactions with others.
Coordinated punishment leads to increased cooperation in large groups, suggests a new American research.
The roots of human morality are to be found in a Darwinian understanding of helping behaviours: 'reciprocal altruism'
biologists are beginning to form a generally sunnier view of humankind. Their conclusions are derived in part from testing very young children, and partly from comparing human children with those of chimpanzees, hoping that the differences will point to what is distinctively human.
How did cooperation evolve when cheaters—those who benefit without making sacrifices—can threaten its stability? In the ninth essay in Science's series in honor of the Year of Darwin, Elizabeth Pennisi discusses the genetic nuts and bolts of cooperation in systems from microbes to humans. -- Pennisi 325 (5945): 1196 -- Science
in list: Evolution
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there is an evolution-based “invisible hand” that guides our actions in this respect. What's more, the researchers have shown that this behavior can be simulated using a simple computer algorithm and basic genetic laws.
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Turn-taking is initiated only after a species has evolved at least two genetically different types that behave differently in initial, uncoordinated interactions with others. Then as soon as a pair coordinates by chance, they instinctively begin to play ‘tit for tat’. This locks them into mutually beneficial coordinated turn-taking indefinitely. Without genetic diversity, turn-taking cannot evolve in this simple way.
"Humans, as I have described, evolved to live in small isolated groups and are finely tuned to seek people of common values. Like it or not, common culture (common practices, expectations, and beliefs) correlates, even if imperfectly, with common biological ancestry. This means that markers of race and ethnicity come to be taken as markers of common values." (Mark Pagel | Prospect Magazine June 2008 issue 147)
in list: Evolution
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