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Behind great magic there often lies some interesting maths or computer science, buried in the secret of how the trick works.
Jeannette Wing
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Computational thinking is the thought processes involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions are represented in a form that can be effectively carried out by an information-processing agent. [CunySnyderWing10]
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computational thinking describes the mental activity in formulating a problem to admit a computational solution. The solution can be carried out by a human or machine, or more generally, by combinations of humans and machines.
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"In other words, its being able to manage your mental resources based on estimations. This has become one of the core problems of artificial intelligence.
Computation is easy. Meta-computation, it turns out, is a bitch."
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Watson applies computational linguistics to extract knowledge from text – a technique sometimes known as text mining and then applies constraint satisfaction and local search algorithms to produce reasonable answers quickly.
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Buzzing just on a ‘gut feeling’ is an example of what psychologists called ‘metacognition‘ or a little more crudely ‘thinking about thinking’. More specifically in this case its an example of humans relying on their ‘feeling of knowing‘.
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"Although we always use the latest gadget as a metaphor for the black box of the mind — our nerves were like telegraphs before they were like telephone exchanges before they were like computers — the reality is that our inventions are pretty paltry substitutes. Natural selection has nothing to worry about."
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Although we always use the latest gadget as a metaphor for the black box of the mind — our nerves were like telegraphs before they were like telephone exchanges before they were like computers — the reality is that our inventions are pretty paltry substitutes. Natural selection has nothing to worry about.
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One of the most remarkable facts about the human brain is that it requires less energy (12 watts) than a light bulb
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"But Watson’s developers were puzzled by his flub in the Final Jeopardy! segment. The category was US Cities, and the answer was: “Its largest airport was named for a World War II hero; its second largest, for a World War II battle.” The two human contestants wrote “What is Chicago?” for its O’Hare and Midway, but Watson’s response was a lame “What is Toronto???”"
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Watson, in his training phase, learned that categories only weakly suggest the kind of answer that is expected, and, therefore, the machine downgrades their significance.
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Its confidence level was about 30%
"But the true implications of Watson’s technology will come after it retires from the stage and pursues a workaday career in offices and labs. That’s when Watson will shed its avatar and revert to its true nature, that of a powerful machine working for us, not against us. Watson will be a tool."
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But the true implications of Watson’s technology will come after it retires from the stage and pursues a workaday career in offices and labs. That’s when Watson will shed its avatar and revert to its true nature, that of a powerful machine working for us, not against us. Watson will be a tool.
"Even if IBM's Watson triumphs on 'Jeopardy!,' don't count out people."
"If that's the work of philosophy, then Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of philosophy's branches. Rod Brooks, for many years director of MIT's AI Lab, and one of AI's great plain talkers, not to mention visionaries, defines artificial intelligence something like this: it's when a machine does something that, if it were done by a person, we'd say it was intelligent, thoughtful, or human."
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ants remove their dead from the nest and so avoid contamination. This looks like smart behavior. Now dead ants, it turns out, give off oleic acid, and experimenters have been able to demonstrate that ants will eject even live healthy ants from the nest if (thanks to meddling scientists) they have been daubed with oleic acid. What had at first appeared to be a sensitive response of the ants to the threat of harmful bacteria turns out to be a brute response triggered by the presence of a chemical.
Is the ant smart? Or stupid? Maybe neither. Or, most intriguingly of all, maybe it is both?
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People wonder whether it's legitimate to talk of Watson as a He, but really the more pressing question is whether we can even speak of an It. In an important sense, there is no Watson. If Watson is a machine, then it is a machine in the way that a nuclear power plant is a machine. Watson is a system, a distributed local network.
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"Since the first rehearsal over a year ago, it had become apparent that Watson—a supercomputer built by IBM to decode tricky questions posed in English and answer them correctly within seconds—would trounce the smartest of human challengers. And so it did earlier this week, following a three-day contest against the two most successful human champions of all time on “Jeopardy!”, a popular quiz game aired on American television. By the end of the contest, Watson had accumulated over $77,000 in winnings, compared with $24,000 and $21,600 for the two human champions"
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In parsing a question, a computer has to decide what is the verb, the subject, the object, the preposition as well as the object of the preposition. It must disambiguate words with multiple meanings, by taking into account any context it can recognise. When people talk among themselves, they bring so much contextual awareness to the conversation that answers become obvious.
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2,880 Power750 chips spread over 90 servers. Flat out, the machine can perform 80 trillion calculations a second. For comparison’s sake, a modern PC can manage around 100 billion calculations a second.
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"Artificial Intelligence computer Watson's triumph on TV's Jeopardy! is shape of things to come"
"Artificial Intelligence computer Watson's triumph on TV's Jeopardy! is shape of things to come"
"No product, idea or achievement is possible without our most critical asset—the collective thought capital of hundreds of thousands of IBMers. The expertise, technical skill, willingness to take risk and overall dedication of IBM employees has led to countless transformative innovations through the years. Meet the team members who contributed to this Icon of Progress."
The history of computing spans thousands of years – from the primitive notched bones found in Africa, to the invention of abacus in 2400 BC, to Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine in 1883, to the rise of the popularity of Personal Computers (PCs) in the 1970s. For the most part, this timeline is marked by devices that bear little or no resemblance to present-day machines both in form and capabilities.
"Can machines think? That was the question posed by the great mathematician Alan Turing. Half a century later six computers are about to converse with human interrogators in an experiment that will attempt to prove that the answer is yes."
The Internet got smarter this week with the release of a semantic map that teaches computers the meanings behind words -- and gives the machines a vocabulary far larger than that of a typical US college graduate.
Cognition Technologies began licensing the map Tuesday to software creators interested in having programs "understand" words based on tenses and sentence context -- in much the same way as the human brain does.
"Historian George Dyson tells stories from the birth of the modern computer -- from its 16th-century origins to the hilarious notebooks of the first computer engineers." TED | Talks
in list: Clones, Drones and Cyborgs
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