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Apr

2011

Kant's Moral Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

plato.stanford.edu/...kant-moral

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morality kant 110

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the “Categorical Imperative” (CI). Immorality thus involves a violation of the CI and is thereby irrational.
a rational will must be regarded as autonomous, or free in the sense of being the author of the law that binds it.
1 more annotation(s)...
- ‘person of good will’

Kant: Morality

www.philosophypages.com/5i.htm

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morality kant 110

the concept of that which can be conceived to be good without qualification, a good will
must derive more from duty than from inclination
7 more annotation(s)...
- "Duty is the necessity to act out of reverence for the law."
- right actions are those that practical reason would will as universal law.
- A categorical imperative, on the other hand, unconditionally demands performance of an action for its own sake; it has the form "Do A."
- "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."
- Since the universalized maxim is contradictory in and of itself, no one could will it to be law, and Kant concluded that we have a perfect duty (to which there can never be any exceptions whatsoever) not to act in this manner.
- "Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means."
- A rational being belongs to the kingdom of ends as a member when he legislates in it universal laws while also being himself subject to these laws. He belongs to it as sovereign, when as legislator he is himslf subject to the will of no other.

Aug

2009

This debate has focused on humans and 'conscious free will'. Yet when it comes to understanding how we initiate behaviour, we can learn a lot by looking at animals. Although we do not credit animals with anything like the consciousness in humans, researchers have found that animal behaviour is not as involuntary as it may appear. The idea that animals act only in response to external stimuli has long been abandoned, and it is well established that they initiate behaviour on the basis of their internal states, as we do. (Nature)

www.nature.com/...459164a.html

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freewill biology Kant science grue