A hybrid bio-thermal liquefaction process for improved carbonaceous liquefaction to produce alcohol containing fuels wherein an organic carbonaceous feed is subjected to active fermentation producing alcohol containing liquid fuel product and fermentation residue, the fermentation residue being introduced into a thermochemical converter and at least a substantial portion of the organic carbon component of the residue converted under elevated temperature conditions producing thermochemical converter products and thermochemical residue with a portion of at least one of the thermochemical products or their derivatives, or thermochemical residue being passed to the fermentation reactor. The process provides high overall process energy efficiencies and utilizes the total agricultural biomass crop thereby greatly reducing waste disposal problems. The alcohol content (ethanolmethanol) of the liquid fuels produced can be increased by utilization of embodiments of the process emphasizing thermochemical gas production followed by catalytic synthesis while the fuel oil and gasoline content of the liquid fuels produced can be increased by embodiments of the process emphasizing thermochemical liquefaction.
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Method for producing alkali carbonate - Google Patents
átent co2 removal
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Multifunctional additives from cashew nut shell liquid - US Patent 5916850
his invention relates to a process for the preparation of amino
di(alkylaryl)phosphorodithioates, from naturally occurring, biodegradable,
vegetable based cashew nut shell liquid, for use in a lubricant, so as to
impart suitable properties of friction reducing, antioxidant, antiwear and
extreme pressure additives.
Cashewnut shell liquid (CNSL) occurs as a reddish brown viscous liquid in
the soft honeycomb structure of the shell of cashewnut, a plantation
product obtained from the cashew tree, Anacardium Occidentale L. Native to
Brazil, the tree grows in the coastal areas of Asia & Africa. Cashewnut
attached to cashew apple is grey colored, kidney shaped and 2.5-4 cm long.
The shell is about 0.3 cm thick, having a soft leathery outer skin and a
thin hard inner skin. Between these skins is the honeycomb structure
containing the phenolic material popularly called CNSL. Inside the shell
is the kernel wrapped in a thin brown skin, known as the testa.
The nut thus consists of the kernel (20-25%), the shell liquid (20-25%) and
the testa (2%), the rest being the shell. CNSL, extracted with low boiling
petroleum ether, contains about 90% anacardic acid and about 10% cardol.
CNSL, on distillation, gives the pale yellow phenolic derivatives, which
are a mixture of biodegradable unsaturated m-alkylphenols, including
cardanol. Catalytic hydrogenation of these phenols gives a white waxy
material, predominantly rich in tetrahydroanacardol.
CNSL and its derivatives have been known for producing high temperature
phenolic resins and friction elements, as exemplified in U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,395,498 and 5,218,038. Friction lining production from CNSL is also
reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,774. Likewise, it is also known to form
different types of friction materials, mainly for use in brake lining
system of automobiles and coating resins from CNSL.
Friction is also a problem any time two surfaces are in sliding or rubbing
contact. It is of special significance in an internal combustion engin
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Green charcoal and process of manufacture. - Patent EP0055790
The invention relates to a method for producing a green charcoal. This method comprises the following steps: gathering a cellulosic material, spraying said material with water, allowing said material to decay by letting it stand for several days, cutting and grinding said partially decayed material, measuring required amounts of said decayed material and mixing - if required - with pulverize coal, pelletizing and extruding the green charcoal mixture by means of suitable grinder and extrusion machine, sorting said pellets and drying them, and packing said green pellets. Thus, the invention provides a process for producing a green charcoal or fuel from a cellulosic biomass matter in an inexpensive mann
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Process for the recovery of ammonia from flue gases - Patent 5387407
For reducing nitrogen oxides in the flue gases of a firing plant, fresh ammonia water, i.e. an aqueous solution of ammonia (NH3), is introduced into the flue gas flow. For achieving a high degree of separation of the nitrogen oxide a superstoichiometric addition of ammonia (NH3) is necessary. Most of the excess ammonia is washed out in the wet washer (6). A liquor, e.g. milk of lime (Ca(OH)2), is dosed into the wash water in a connecting line (10) to a stripping column (11), so that a pH-value above 9.5 is obtained. The now physically dissolved ammonia (NH3) is desorbed from the wash water in the stripping column (11). The steam/ammonia mixture passing out of the stripping column (11) is condensed in a condenser (17) and the condensate in the form of ammonia water is admixed to the fresh ammonia water in feed line (3). As a function of the nitrogen oxide reduction, approximately 10 to 50% of the fresh ammonia water can be saved.
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Hybrid bio-thermal liquefaction - Patent 4334026
hybrid bio-thermal liquefaction process for improved carbonaceous liquefaction to produce alcohol containing fuels wherein an organic carbonaceous feed is subjected to active fermentation producing alcohol containing liquid fuel product and fermentation residue, the fermentation residue being introduced into a thermochemical converter and at least a substantial portion of the organic carbon component of the residue converted under elevated temperature conditions producing thermochemical converter products and thermochemical residue with a portion of at least one of the thermochemical products or their derivatives, or thermochemical residue being passed to the fermentation reactor. The process provides high overall process energy efficiencies and utilizes the total agricultural biomass crop thereby greatly reducing waste disposal problems. The alcohol content (ethanolmethanol) of the liquid fuels produced can be increased by utilization of embodiments of the process emphasizing thermochemical gas production followed by catalytic synthesis while the fuel oil and gasoline content of the liquid fuels produced can be increased by embodiments of the process emphasizing thermochemical liquefaction.
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