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BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | New Kim Jong-il images released
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The photos, which were released by state media, were apparently taken during a visit to a military unit.
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The New Eugenics: Genetic Engineering
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The interferons are another medically important group of peptides that became available in abundance only after the development of genetic engineering techniques (Bodmer & Mckie, 1995). Interferon was useful for treating viral infections, and there were strong indications that it might be effective against some cancers. Before the advent of genetic engineering techniques, it took laborious processing of thousands of units of human blood to obtain enough interferon to treat a few patients. Other medically useful human peptides that have been made widely available because of genetic engineering are human growth hormone, which is used to treat persons with congenital dwarfism and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), which is a promising new treatment for persons who suffer a heart attack. With the development of retroviral vectors in the early 1980s, the possibility of efficient gene transfer into mammalian cells for the purpose of gene therapy became widely accepted.
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The American Journal of Psychiatry -- Frank et al. 158 (2): 205 Table 5
Tags: no_tag on 2008-02-16 -All Annotations (0) -About
more fromajp.psychiatryonline.org.ezproxy.lib.unimelb.edu.au
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Characteristics of Female Psychiatrists -- Frank et al. 158 (2): 205 -- Am J Psychiatry
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more fromajp.psychiatryonline.org.ezproxy.lib.unimelb.edu.au
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percentage of psychiatrists who are women rose sharply from 14.5% in 1982 to 25.0% in 1996 (3).
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Relative to their male peers, female psychiatrists are younger (4, 5), work fewer hours (4), spend a greater proportion of their time in public and private clinics and outpatient facilities (5), and have lower mean annual incomes (4)
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Research examining clinical practice characteristics has found that female psychiatrists are less likely than their male counterparts to be in practices in which medications are prescribed to a large proportion (>85%) of their patients (6) and are also less likely to perform ECT (7).
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Psychiatrists were significantly older than the other female physicians and were also less likely to be married (Table 1).
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Higher percentages of psychiatrists characterized themselves as politically liberal, and higher percentages reported being the primary caretaker of their preschool children.
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Their birthplace, ethnicity, partners’ educational levels, levels of stress at home, and the percentage with children were similar to those of the other female physicians
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Psychiatrists were more likely to report poorer health than were the other female physicians (Table 2)
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Psychiatrists were somewhat more likely than the other female physicians to report a personal history of depression, alcohol abuse, sexual abuse, or another psychiatric disorder (Table 5).
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Psychiatrists were also somewhat more likely to report a family history of depression, suicide attempts, alcohol abuse, or another psychiatric disorder and were marginally more likely to report family histories of sexual abuse, domestic violence, or eating disorders.
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Suicide Rates Among Physicians: A Quantitative and Gender Assessment (Meta-Analysis) -- Schernhammer and Colditz 161 (12): 2295 -- Am J Psychiatry
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more fromajp.psychiatryonline.org.ezproxy.lib.unimelb.edu.au
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Frank et al. (2) found a 70% higher rate of mortality due to suicide and self-inflicted injury among white male U.S. physicians than among other professionals
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Female physicians’ suicide rate, however, far exceeds that of the general population, in the range of three- to fourfold (2, 3).
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in one study it was found that among suicidal physicians who sought help, more than 50% who later committed suicide had been diagnosed with psychiatric conditions (49) but were not hospitalized before death (20).
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For example, a higher incidence of psychiatric disorders, particularly more depression (55), has been reported. Furthermore, additional strain imposed on female physicians by their social roles (56), oftentimes leading to excessive drug use (52), has been associated with suicide.
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Characteristics of female psychiatrists. [Am J Psychiatry. 2001] - PubMed Result
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Psychiatrists were somewhat (although not necessarily significantly) more likely than the other female physicians to report having had personal or family histories of various psychiatric disorders.
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Psychiatrists were more likely to have a solo practice and less likely to be in a group practice.
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Psychiatrists did not differ from the other female physicians in perceived work amount, work stress, work control, or career satisfaction.
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Their satisfaction with their specialty was, however, greater than that of the other female physicians.
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China Vs Singapore system
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Privately
Singaporeans whine; publicly speechless
When
teachers were unhappy about something at school they complained
a lot, quietly in ‘safe groups’ about it, but
when it came to meetings, they were silent.
On more
than one occasion western teachers were approached quietly
by a Singaporean teacher to complain about something. When
the matter was brought up, no Singaporean staff supported
the complaint, but after the meeting they’d congratulate
the ‘western teacher’ who’d brought it
up.
This
strange culture of fear permeates the whole staff. X has
had various major problems, and staff never band together
to change things despite the fact that the school has trouble
getting staff, and they are far away from ‘trouble’. -
Not so at X. X actually has very highly
qualified staff (either with a huge amount of teaching experience,
or high academic qualifications) but this experience and
expertise is rarely tapped. “Management knows best”. -
X call
their students “clients”. This says so much
about how the school operates, and highlights one of the
schools other big failings- it runs only for profit. While
students are charged hefty fees in US dollars, teachers
often sit on chairs with broken wheels, have to buy their
own pens when the ‘2 pens per term’ pens disappear,
and hunt all over their floor for the one overhead projector. -
The
westerners jokingly refer to X as a “supermarket”,
because that’s the way it’s run. It’s
certainly the most authoritarian place I’ve ever worked
at, and conforms more to some of the stereotypes of China
than China does. -
It’s
a religion, to the point where many of my colleagues won’t
even try food in smaller restaurants in China for fear of
“dirty environment”.
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Singapore's scholar system
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The
imperial exam tested only literature, poetry and essays,
but not science, math or any of today's modern studies that
were needed by a changed world. -
The
government spends millions to provide some 200 to 250 university
scholarships each year to the best students here based on
examination results, out of 1,200 to 1,400 applications
received by the Public Service Commission. -
In Singapore,
a recent report said that 75% of scholarship winners lived
in private condos or landed property, the rest in cheaper
public housing estates. The rich continue to have an edge. -
Dr Phua
Kai Lit, a sociologist who received his PhD from Johns Hopkins,
wrote that Singapore had become a country "increasingly
ruled by economists, engineers, and other technocratic experts
with First Class Honours undergraduate degrees, Oxbridge
and Ivy League Master's degrees and PhDs." -
"The PAP has established a unique
system of recruitment of its top political leaders and Ministers.
"Talented
individuals are 'spotted' and have to pass through a barrage
of observations, interviews, attachment to a veteran MP
and, allegedly, even psychological tests before being offered
safe parliamentary seats to contest (under the PAP banner)
in General Elections.
"After
winning these safe seats, they may be offered responsibility
as junior ministers and if they pass this test, they would
then be offered higher level positions with greater responsibilities"
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When Doctors Become Patients - Well - Tara Parker-Pope - Health - New York Times Blog
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How does learning about a doctor’s experience as a patient help the rest of us?
It can help train doctors to do better. When patients complain, we think, “That’s just a patient complaining again.” We dismiss it way too often. These doctors, because they have this unique position as patient and doctor, they can say, “I’m one of you guys and these are the things we’re doing wrong.'’
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One thing they became aware of is how patients try to please their doctors. The doctor stands in the room and says, “Is everything O.K.?'’ Everything is not O.K., but they realized that if they say that, the doctor gets a long face. There is a normal natural instinct to want to please people. They realized that this must mean their patients have all these years been trying to please them. It gets in the way of doctors and patients really saying what is wrong. They think doctors unconsciously don’t really want to hear about problems. Patients often feel uncomfortable saying a lot about what’s going on.
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She said, “I had no idea that when patients said pain, this is what they were talking about. It was so much beyond words.'’
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That, to me, means that we as doctors are missing the experiences patients are suffering. We don’t pay attention.
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One surgeon told me that the night before he underwent surgery, his surgeon told him there is a 5 percent chance you will die in the O.R. He could have said, “There’s a 95 percent chance things will go O.K.'’ He had been a surgeon for 30 years, and he said he’d never thought about how those two kinds of information trigger such completely different emotional responses.
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Why I am an abortion doctor
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About an hour after her operation I and my nurse saw her and her boyfriend walking out of the clinic hand in hand, and I said to my nurse, "Look at that. We saved two lives today."
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I want to tell you one last story that I think epitomizes the satisfaction I get from my privileged work. Some years ago I spoke to a class of University of British Columbia medical students. As I left the classroom, a student followed me out. She said: "Dr. Romalis, you won't remember me, but you did an abortion on me in 1992. I am a secondyear medical student now, and if it weren't for you I wouldn't be here now."
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Why I am an abortion doctor
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It is still hard for me to understand how someone could think I should be killed for helping women get safe abortions.
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Why I am an abortion doctor
Tags: no_tag on 2008-02-05 and saved by4 people -All Annotations (0) -About
more fromwww.nationalpost.com
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About 90% of the patients were there with complications of septic abortion. The ward had about 40 beds, in addition to extra beds which lined the halls. Each day we admitted between 10-30 septic abortion patients. We had about one death a month, usually from septic shock associated with hemorrhage.
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NPR: Blind Man 'Sees'
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Charles Bonnet syndrome
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"The brain is doing a mash-up of stored visual memories," says Trobe. When visual cells in the brain stop getting information — which happens when your rods and cones stop working — the cells compensate, he explains. If there's no data coming in, they make up images. They hallucinate.
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In 2004, scientists at Harvard blindfolded normal, sighted people, and within hours many of them began to see imaginary landscapes, patterns and occasionally people.
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Very often, says Trobe, elderly patients are afraid to mention these appearances, fearing that family members or doctors will think them mentally unstable.
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Cognitive Daily: Does test-taking help students learn?
Tags: no_tag on 2008-01-04 and saved by3 people -All Annotations (0) -About
more fromscienceblogs.com
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If I quiz Jim on his Spanish vocabulary words every day, he does better on tests than if he studies on his own. This might be more of a reflection of the quality of his study time than a testing effect, but it still demonstrates the power of testing in aiding learning.
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If the practice test is multiple choice, then we'll do better on a multiple-choice final than a fill-in-the-blank test.
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They asked psychology students to try to memorize sets of 8 words by studying them one at a time for 3 seconds each. After being distracted by a brief math problem, they were tested in one of three ways, or given a chance to study the words again. After repeating this 12 times, they were tested again the entire set of 96 words. Here are the results:
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As you can see, no type of practice test -- including recognition -- led to significant improvement on the recognition test final. However, for both free recall and cued recall finals, the free recall practice test offered the best results (however, the free recall practice test was no better than the control group on the free recall final). Though the results aren't crystal clear, they certainly don't support the notion that taking a similar sort of practice test always leads to better results on the final exam.
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Why do beliefs about intelligence influence learning success? A social cognitive neuroscience model
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Those who believe intelligence is a fixed entity (entity theorists) tend to emphasize ‘performance goals,’ leaving them vulnerable to negative feedback and likely to disengage from challenging learning opportunities. In contrast, students who believe intelligence is malleable (incremental theorists) tend to emphasize ‘learning goals’ and rebound better from occasional failures.
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Entity theorists tend to be more concerned with besting others in order to prove their intelligence (‘performance goals’), leaving them highly vulnerable to negative feedback. As a result, these individuals are more likely to shun learning opportunities where they anticipate a high risk of errors, or to disengage from these situations when errors occur.
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In contrast, incremental theorists are more likely to endorse the goal of increasing ability through effort and are more likely to gravitate toward tasks that offer real challenges (‘learning goals’). In addition, in line with their view that there is always potential for intellectual growth, they are more willing to pursue remedial activities when they experience academic difficulty.
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hen indicated their confidence in the accuracy of their response. They were then given two successive pieces of feedback, during which ERPs were recorded. The first provided only information about response accuracy (negative or positive performance-relevant feedback), whereas the second provided the correct answer (learning-relevant feedback). Negative feedback signals a conflict with the general goal of doing well, which is something important to both entity and incremental theorists.
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In contrast, entity theorists might subsequently engage attention toward self-critical rumination about their performance and abilities (Molden and Dweck, 2006), sacrificing attention toward the learning-relevant information, and thereby increasing the likelihood that they will repeat these errors.
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Interesting Statistics - Atheism vs Christianity | Google Groups
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72% of the members of the National Academy of Sciences are atheists
and 21% are agnostic
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University of Minnesota Study on American Attitudes Towards Atheists & Atheism - Research Finds that Atheists Most Despised, Most Distrusted Minority
Tags: no_tag on 2007-12-28 and saved by2 people -All Annotations (0) -About
more fromatheism.about.com
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This group does not at all agree with my vision of American society...
Atheist: 39.6%
Muslims: 26.3%
Homosexuals: 22.6%
Hispanics: 20%
Conservative Christians: 13.5%
Recent Immigrants: 12.5%
Jews: 7.6%I would disapprove if my child wanted to marry a member of this group....
Atheist: 47.6%
Muslim: 33.5%
African-American 27.2%
Asian-Americans: 18.5%
Hispanics: 18.5%
Jews: 11.8%
Conservative Christians: 6.9%
Whites: 2.3% -
Some respondents associated atheism with illegal behavior, like drug use and prostitution: "that is, with immoral people who threaten respectable community from the lower end of the social hierarchy." Others saw atheists as "rampant materialists and cultural elitists" who "threaten common values from above -- the ostentatiously wealthy who make a lifestyle out of consumption or the cultural elites who think they know better than everyone else."
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Atheists identified as America’s most distrusted minority, according to new U of M study : News Releases: UMNnews: U of M.
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Americans rate atheists below Muslims, recent immigrants, gays and lesbians and other minority groups in “sharing their vision of American society.” Atheists are also the minority group most Americans are least willing to allow their children to marry.
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“Atheists, who account for about 3 percent of the U.S. population, offer a glaring exception to the rule of increasing social tolerance over the last 30 years,” says Penny Edgell, associate sociology professor and the study’s lead researcher.
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“It seems most Americans believe that diversity is fine, as long as every one shares a common ‘core’ of values that make them trustworthy—and in America, that ‘core’ has historically been religious,” says Edgell.
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Cognitive Daily: Memories, attention, and intention
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When the students were looking for animals in the printed words, they remembered more of the animal words they heard compared to plant words they had heard (A separate group of students was asked to look for plant names, with the equivalent result). It appears that we remember more of things in the background when they are related to what we intend to do. In another experiment, the same result wasfound when asking students to look for breakfast foods.
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When searching for animals wasn't required during the actual task they performed, they didn't remember more animal names. Marsh's team argues that the effect they observed in their first experiment could not be due to priming, and instead must be related to the observers' intentions.
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Books: None of the Above: Books: The New Yorker
Tags: no_tag on 2007-12-13 and saved by14 people -All Annotations (0) -About
more fromwww.newyorker.com
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If an American born in the nineteen-thirties has an I.Q. of 100, the Flynn effect says that his children will have I.Q.s of 108, and his grandchildren I.Q.s of close to 120—more than a standard deviation higher. If we work in the opposite direction, the typical teen-ager of today, with an I.Q. of 100, would have had grandparents with average I.Q.s of 82—seemingly below the threshold necessary to graduate from high school. And, if we go back even farther, the Flynn effect puts the average I.Q.s of the schoolchildren of 1900 at around 70, which is to suggest, bizarrely, that a century ago the United States was populated largely by people who today would be considered mentally retarded.
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In 1969, the psychometrician Arthur Jensen argued that programs like Head Start, which tried to boost the academic performance of minority children, were doomed to failure, because I.Q. was so heavily genetic;
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From the perspective of an I.Q. fundamentalist, the fact that Africans score lower than Europeans on I.Q. tests suggests an ineradicable cognitive disability.
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To say that Dutch I.Q. scores rose substantially between 1952 and 1982 was another way of saying that the Netherlands in 1982 was, in at least certain respects, much more cognitively demanding than the Netherlands in 1952. An I.Q., in other words, measures not so much how smart we are as how modern we are.
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To the frustration of the researchers, the Kpelle chose functional pairings. They put a potato and a knife together because a knife is used to cut a potato. “A wise man could only do such-and-such,” they explained. Finally, the researchers asked, “How would a fool do it?” The tribesmen immediately re-sorted the items into the “right” categories.
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But to label them less intelligent than Westerners, on the basis of their performance on that test, is merely to state that they have different cognitive preferences and habits. And if I.Q. varies with habits of mind, which can be adopted or discarded in a generation, what, exactly, is all the fuss about?
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. The notion that anyone “has” an I.Q. of a certain number, then, is meaningless unless you know which WISC he took, and when he took it, since there’s a substantial difference between getting a 130 on the WISC IV and getting a 130 on the much easier WISC.
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Then, in 1991, the WISC III was introduced, and suddenly the percentage of kids labelled retarded went up.
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. The fact that the I.Q.s of Chinese-Americans also seemed to be elevated has led I.Q. fundamentalists to posit the existence of an international I.Q. pyramid, with Asians at the top, European whites next, and Hispanics and blacks at the bottom.
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Lynn was comparing American I.Q. estimates based on a representative sample of schoolchildren with Japanese estimates based on an upper-income, heavily urban sample. Recalculated, the Japanese average came in not at 106.6 but at 99.2.
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When the Chinese-American scores were reassessed using up-to-date intelligence metrics, Flynn found, they came in at 97 verbal and 100 nonverbal. Chinese-Americans had slightly lower I.Q.s than white Americans.
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Flynn said, that they had succeeded not because of their higher I.Q.s. but despite their lower I.Q.s. Asians were overachievers. In a nifty piece of statistical analysis, Flynn then worked out just how great that overachievement was. Among whites, virtually everyone who joins the ranks of the managerial, professional, and technical occupations has an I.Q. of 97 or above. Among Chinese-Americans, that threshold is 90. A Chinese-American with an I.Q. of 90, it would appear, does as much with it as a white American with an I.Q. of 97.
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During the twenty-five years after the Second World War, that gap closed considerably. The I.Q.s of white Americans rose, as part of the general worldwide Flynn effect, but the I.Q.s of black Americans rose faster. Then, for about a period of twenty-five years, that trend stalled—and the question was why.
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“Starting in the nineteen-seventies, to put it very crudely, you had a higher proportion of black kids being born to really dumb mothers,” he said. When the debate’s moderator, Jane Waldfogel, informed him that the most recent data showed that the race gap had begun to close again, Murray seemed unimpressed, as if the possibility that blacks could ever make further progress was inconceivable.
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By age four, the average black I.Q. is 95.4—only four and a half points behind the average white I.Q. Then the real gap emerges: from age four through twenty-four, blacks lose six-tenths of a point a year, until their scores settle at 83.4.
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. But, again, it does: the children fathered by black American G.I.s in postwar Germany and brought up by their German mothers have the same I.Q.s as the children of white American G.I.s and German mothers. The difference, in that case, was not the fact of the children’s blackness, as a fundamentalist would say. It was the fact of their Germanness—of their being brought up in a different culture, under different circumstances.
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