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"Reports in the lay press after the 2007 University of Alberta announcement claim that dichloroacetate "has actually been used safely in humans for decades",[36] but the limited scholarly literature suggests side effects of pain, numbness and gait disturbances in some patients.[36] A clinical trial where DCA was given to patients of MELAS (a form of genetically inherited lactic acidosis) at 25 mg/kg/day was ended prematurely due to excessive peripheral nerve toxicity.[37] Dichloroacetate can also have anxiolytic or sedative effects.[6]

Doses of 5 mg/kg every three days limits effects from toxicity while maintaining adequate progress.[38]

Animal studies suggest that the neuropathy and neurotoxicity during chronic dichloroacetate treatment may be partly due to depletion of thiamine, and thiamine supplementation in rats reduced these effects.[39] However, more recent studies in humans suggest that peripheral neuropathy is a common side effect during chronic DCA treatment, even with coadministration of oral thiamine.[40][41] An additional study reported that 50 mg/kg/day DCA treatment resulted in unsteady gait and lethargy in two patients, with symptoms occurring after one month for one patient and two months for the second. Gait disturbance and consciousness were recovered with cessation of DCA, however sensory nerve action potentials did not recover in one month.[42]"

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dichloroacetate DCE side effects adverse harmful wikipedia info reference pain numbness gait disturbance neuropathy safety toxicity peripheral nerve nerves cancer

"Kannabinoidit ovat psykoaktiivisia aineita, jotka aktivoivat kannabinoidireseptoreja. Hampun kannabinoidit luovat kannabiksen päihtymystilan. Kannabinoideja, yleensä synteettisiä, käytetään myös lääkkeinä. Eräät kannabinoideista ovat sisäsyntyisiä, kuten N-arakidonyylietanoliamiini eli anandamidi ja 2-arakidonyyliglyseroli eli 2-AG.

Elimistön kannabinoidireseptoreilla ja endokannabinoideilla on nykyarvion mukaan laaja ja merkityksellinen rooli monissa ihmisen elintoiminnoissa. Eräitä kannabispohjaisia lääkkeitä on käytetty Yhdysvalloissa ja Isossa-Britanniassa syöpä- ja AIDS-potilaiden heikentyneen ruokahalun hoidossa. Uudella CB1 reseptorisalpaajalla (rimonabantti) on saatu erittäin lupaavia tuloksia mm. liikalihavuuden hoidossa. Lääkkeen on myös todettu auttavan koehenkilöitä tupakoinnin lopettamisessa. Rimonabantti myydään reseptilääkkeenä Euroopassa kauppanimellä Acomplia. Tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että kannabinoidisysteemiin vaikuttavilla lääkeaineilla, kuten synteettinen kannabinoidi nabilone, voitaisiin hoitaa lisäksi mm. useita neurologisia sairauksia (Alzheimerin tauti, Parkinsonin tauti, MS tauti, Touretten syndrooma, skitsofrenia), silmänpainetautia, kipua, tulehdustiloja sekä erilaisia syöpiä."

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kannabinoidi kannabinoidt kannabis wikipedia info rimonabantti Acomplia lääke lääkekannabis syöpä kipu ruokahalu ruokahaluttomuus tulehdus terveys

"Tempeh, or tempe in Indonesian, is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybeans into a cake form. Tempeh is unique among major traditional soyfoods in that it is the only one that did not originate in China or Japan. It originated in today's Indonesia, and especially popular on the island of Java, where it is a staple source of protein. Like tofu, tempeh is made from soybeans, but tempeh is a whole soybean product with different nutritional characteristics and textural qualities. Tempeh's fermentation process and its retention of the whole bean give it a higher content of protein, dietary fiber, and vitamins compared to tofu, as well as firmer texture and stronger flavor. Because of its nutritional value, tempeh is used worldwide in vegetarian cuisine; some consider it to be a meat analogue.

The soy protein in tempeh becomes more digestible as a result of the fermentation process. In particular, the oligosaccharides that are associated with gas and indigestion are greatly reduced by the Rhizopus culture. In traditional tempeh making shops, the starter culture often contains beneficial bacteria that produce vitamins such as B12[1][2] (though it is uncertain whether this B12 is always present and bioavailable[3]). In western countries, it is more common to use a pure culture containing only Rhizopus oligosporus which makes very little B12 and could be missing Klebsiella pneumoniae which has been shown to produce significant levels of B12 analogs in tempeh when present. Whether these analogs are true, bioavailable B12, hasn't been thoroughly studied yet.

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tempeh tempe wikipedia info reference soy nutrition food

"Tofu (豆腐, tōfu?), or bean curd[5] is a soft white food made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. It is of Chinese origin,[6] and part of East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Vietnamese[7] and others.[8] There are many different varieties of tofu, including fresh tofu and tofu that has been processed in some way. Tofu has very little flavor or smell on its own, so it can be used either in savory or sweet dishes, and is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish

A study done by the Pacific Health Research Institute followed over 3000 Japanese men between 1965 and 1999, which showed a positive correlation between cerebral atrophy and consumption of tofu.[42] However, this study by L.R. White, et al., from the National Institute of Aging, NIH, was rejected as not credible by the Food and Drug Administration."

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tofu wikipedia info reference soy nutrition food

"Butyric acid (from Greek βούτυρος = butter), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. Butyric acid is found in rancid butter, parmesan cheese, vomit, and body odor and has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). It can be detected by mammals with good scent detection abilities (such as dogs) at 10 ppb, whereas humans can detect it in concentrations above 10 ppm.

Butanoate is produced as end-product of a fermentation process solely performed by obligate anaerobic bacteria. Fermented Kombucha "tea" includes butyric acid as a result of the fermentation. This fermentation pathway was discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1861.

The role of butyrate changes depending on its role in cancer or normal cells. This is known as the "butyrate paradox". Butyrate inhibits colonic tumor cells but promotes healthy colonic epithelial cells.[1], but the signaling mechanism is not well understood.[2]. A review suggested that the chemopreventive benefits of butanoate depend in part on amount, time of exposure with respect to the tumorigenic process, and the type of fat in the diet.[5] Low carbohydrate diets like the Atkins diet are known to reduce the amount of butanoate produced in the colon

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butyric acid butyric_acid butyrate wikipedia info reference sfa butter parmesan cheese Kombucha tea fermentation nutrition colon cancer colon_cancer

Berberiini on isokinoliiniryhmän alkaloideihin kuuluva ammoniumsuola. Sitä saadaan useista kasvien, kuten ruostehappomarjan (Berberis vulgaris), Berberis aristata, hydrastisjuuren (Hydrastis canadensis) ja Coptis chinensis, juurista, rungosta ja kuoresta

Berberiiniä on käytetty kaukoidässä perinteisessä lääkinnässä bakteerien, virusten, sienten ja loisten torjuntaan.[3][4] Joidenkin tutkimusten mukaan se voisi toimia myös sairaalabakteeria MRSA vastaan.[5] Uusien tutkimusten perusteella berberiini vaikuttaa lupaavalta aineelta sokeri- ja rasva-aineenvaihdunnan häiriöiden (diabetes, insuliiniresistenssi, dyslipidemiat) hoitoon. Uuden raportin mukaan berberiini tehostaa synergisesti flukonatsolin vaikutusta hiivainfektioissa, myös lääkeresistenteissä tapauksissa. [6] Uusien tutkimusten mukaan berberiini yhtäältä vaimentaa tulehdusta välittäviä sytokiineja ja E-selektiiniä [7][8] ja geenejä ja toisalta lisää adiponektiinin [9] tuotantoa, mikä osaltaan selittää sen äskettäin osoitettuja monipuolisia vaikutuksia terveyteen.

Berberiini on ihanteellinen hoitoaine sekä sokeri- että rasva-aineenvaihdunnan häiriöiden, kuten metabolisen oireyhtymän, hoitoon, koska se vaikuttaa samanaikaisesti sekä LDL-reseptoreihin että insuliinireseptoreihin[11]. Kliinisten tutkimusten mukaan berberiini (1–1,5 g/vrk) alentaa ihmisen veren kohonnutta sokeripitoisuutta [12] yhtä hyvin kuin metformiini.[13] .

Berberiini on inotrooppinen yhdiste, joka koe-eläintutkimusten mukaan voi vahvistaa sydänlihasta ja ehkäistä rytmihäiriöitä [44] [45] [46] [47]. Alustava 156 potilaan hoitotutkimus berberiinillä tukee eläinkokeiden havaintoja.[48] Berberiini stabilisoi valtimoplakkeja ja ehkäisee niiden repeämistä, jolloin infarktin riski pienenee.

Berberiini on herättynyt kiinnostusta syövän estoaineena. [61][62] Sitä on tutkittu viime aikoina koe-eläimillä ja ihmisillä useissa eri syöpätaudeissa (mm. rinta-[63], eturauhas-, keuhko-, paksusuoli-, kieli-[64], aivo-, maksasyöpä, leukemia, melanooma[65], ihosyöpä (epidermoidi karsinoma), maksasyöpä

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berberiini wikipedia info syöpä yrtti yrtit rohdos rohdokset SVT sydän maksa metabolinen oireyhtymä terveys ravitsemus veren sokeri sokeritasapaino LDL kolesteroli insuliiniresistenssi diabetes tyyppi_2

"The Klotho gene codes for a transmembrane protein that, in addition to other effects, provides some control over the sensitivity of the organism to insulin and appears to be involved in aging. Its discovery was documented in 1997 by Kuro-o et al.[1] The name of the gene comes from Klotho or Clotho, one of the Moirae, or Fates, in Greek mythology.

The Klotho protein is a novel β-glucuronidase (EC number 3.2.1.21) capable of hydrolyzing steroid β-glucuronides. Genetic variants in KLOTHO have been associated with human aging,[2] and Klotho protein has been shown to be a circulating factor detectable in serum that declines with age.[3]

Klotho-deficient mice manifest a syndrome resembling accelerated human aging"

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Klotho gene info reference wikipedia insulin aging longevity biology transmembrane protein beta-glucuronidase genetics

"Calbindin describes calcium binding proteins first described as the vitamin D-dependent calcium binding proteins in intestine and kidney."

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calbindin info reference wikipedia calbindin-D9k calbindin-D28k vitamin_D nutrition calcitriol vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein calcium-binding calcium-binding_protein proteins

"Numerous studies link Vitamin D and influenza, as well as Vitamin D and respiratory infections more generally. This vitamin up-regulates genetic expression of various endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which exhibit broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Reports discussed below indicate that susceptibility to influenza is reduced with higher levels of sun exposure or vitamin D supplementation. Seasonal variation of vitamin D levels in humans can help explain the seasonality of flu epidemics."

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vitamin_D influenza info reference wikipedia endogenous antimicrobial peptides peptide AMP season seasonal variation 25ohd nutrition levels status calcidiol

"Ergocalciferol (Deltalin, Eli Lilly and Company) is a form of vitamin D, also called vitamin D2. It has the systematic name "(3β,5Z,7E,22E)-9,10-secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraen-3-ol". It is created from viosterol, which in turn is created when ultraviolet light activates ergosterol."

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ergocalciferol vitamin_D2 vitamin_D info reference wikipedia viosterol ergosterol nutrition

"Cholecalciferol is a form of Vitamin D, also called vitamin D3 or calciol.[1]

It is structurally similar to steroids such as testosterone, cholesterol, and cortisol (though vitamin D3 itself is a secosteroid).

One gram of pure vitamin D3 is 40 000 000 (40x106) IU, or, in other words, one IU is 0.025 μg. Individuals having a high risk of deficiency should consume 125 μg (5000 IU) of vitamin D daily"

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cholecalciferol vitamin_D3 vitamin_D calciol info reference wikipedia nutrition

"Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide is a family of polypeptides found in lysosomes in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).[1]

Members of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial polypeptides are characterized by a highly conserved region (cathelin domain) and a highly variable cathelicidin peptide domain. Cathelicidin peptides have been isolated from many different species of mammals. Cathelicidins were originally found in neutrophils but have since been found in many other cells including epithelial cells and macrophages activated by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or the hormone 1,25-D"

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cathelicidin cathelicidins wikipedia info reference antimicrobial peptide innate immune defense innate_immunity infection infections vitamin_D nutrition

"Most barcode readers now use a PS/2 or USB cable for output: PS/2 cables are connected to the host computer in a Y formation, the PS/2 keyboard port with its first end, to the keyboard with its second, and to the barcode reader with its third end. The barcode characters are then received by the host computer as if they came from its keyboard decoded and converted to keyboard input within the scanner housing. This makes it easy to interface the bar code reader to any application that is written to accept keyboard input

USB is supported by many newer scanners. In many cases a choice of USB interface types (HID, CDC) are provided. Some have Powered USB."

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barcode bar-code bar code reader readers scanner scanners info reference wikipedia

"Hypovitaminosis D is a deficiency of Vitamin D. It can result from: inadequate intake coupled with inadequate sunlight exposure (in particular sunlight with adequate ultra violet B rays), disorders that limit its absorption, conditions that impair conversion of vitamin D into active metabolites, such as liver or kidney disorders, or, rarely, by a number of hereditary disorders.[1] Deficiency results in impaired bone mineralization, and leads to bone softening diseases, rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and contributes to osteoporosis.[1] Osteomalacia may also occur rarely as a side-effect of phenytoin use

Hypovitaminosis D is typically diagnosed by measuring the concentration in blood of the compound 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol), which is a precursor to the active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol).[6] One recent review has proposed the following four categories for hypovitaminosis D:[7]

* Insufficient 50-100 nmol/L (20-40 ng/mL)
* Mild 25-50 nmol/L (10-20 ng/mL)
* Moderate 12.5-25.0 nmol/L (5-10 ng/mL)
* Severe < 12.5 nmol/L (< 5 ng/mL)

Note that 1.0 nmol/L = 0.4 ng/mL for this compound.[8] Other authors have suggested that a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 75-80 nmol/L (30-32 ng/mL) may be sufficient

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hypovitaminosis_D info reference wikipedia vitamin_D insufficiency deficiency symptoms nutrition

"Hypervitaminosis D is a state of vitamin D toxicity.

The recommended daily allowance is 400 IU per day. Overdose has been observed at 1925 µg/d (77,000 IU per day). Acute overdose requires between 15,000 µg/d (600,000 IU per day) and 42,000 µg/d (1,680,000 IU per day) over a period of several days to months, with a safe intake level being 250 µg/d (10,000 IU per day).[1] Foods contain low levels, and have not been known to cause overdose. Overdose has occurred due to industrial accidents, for example when incorrectly formulated pills were sold or missing industrial concentrate cans misused as cans of milk.

Vitamin D toxicity is unlikely except when certain medical conditions are present, such as primary hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and lymphoma."

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hypervitaminosis_D wikipedia info reference vitamin_D toxicity overdose overdosing symptoms nutrition poisoning toxification

"The Herxheimer reaction (also known as Jarisch-Herxheimer or Herx) occurs when large quantities of toxins are released into the body as bacteria (typically Spirochetal bacteria) die, due to antibiotic treatment or rapid detoxification.

Typically the death of these bacteria and the associated release of endotoxins occurs faster than the body can remove the toxins via the natural detoxification process performed by the kidneys and liver. It is manifested by fever, chills, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and exacerbation of skin lesions. Duration in syphilis is normally only a few hours but can be much longer, up to months or years, for other diseases, especially Lyme Disease. The intensity of the reaction reflects the intensity of inflammation present.

The Herxheimer reaction has shown an increase in inflammatory cytokines during the period of exacerbation, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8"

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Herxheimer reaction wikipedia info reference herx bacteria endotoxins toxins released large quantities

Olmesartan (trade names Benicar, Olmetec) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used to treat high blood pressure. The prodrug olmesartan medoxomil is marketed worldwide by Daiichi Sankyo, Ltd. and in the United States by Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. and in India by Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. under the trade name Olvance.

Olmesartan may possess high affinity for the Vitamin D Receptor, based on molecular modeling studies[2], but these results have not been duplicated in clinical trials.

Because of the role of the Vitamin D receptor in innate immunity[3], this would indicate that olmesartan has immune modulatory properties. This theory is currently the premise underlying the Marshall Protocol, which uses olmesartan to impose a chemical blockade on 1,25 Vitamin D as part of a treatment of sarcoidosis and other diseases. The Marshall Protocol asserts that, assuming the etiology of these diseases is based on infection by cell-wall-deficient bacteria, restoring proper Vitamin D ratios via olmesartan dosing, combined with pulsed antibiotic dosing, would result in a cure.!

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Olmesartan wikipedia info reference drug drugs hypertension bp blood_pressure angiotensin II receptor antagonist angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist angiotensin_II Benicar Olmetec vitamin_D VDR 1.25Vitamin_D Marshall Protocol Marshall_Protocol calcitriol

"The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell.

Brains can be extremely complex. The cerebral cortex of the human brain contains roughly 15–33 billion neurons depending on gender and age,[2] linked with up to 10,000 synaptic connections each. Each cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly one billion synapses.[3] These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body and target them to specific recipient cells."

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brain wikipedia info reference

"The brain, like most other internal organs, or offal, can serve as nourishment. Brains used for nourishment include those of pigs, squirrels, horses, cattle, monkeys, chickens and goats. In many cultures, different types of brain are considered a delicacy.

In the Southern United States, canned pork brain in gravy can be purchased for consumption as food. This form of brain is often fried with scrambled eggs to produce "Eggs n' Brains".[1] They are part of the menu in many family owned restaurants throughout the region.

The brain of animals also features in French cuisine, in dishes such as cervelle de veau and tête de veau."

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brain as food as_food brain_as_food wikipedia info reference nutrition pork por_brain fat cholesterol prions delicacy

"Superfood is a term sometimes used to describe food with high phytonutrient content that may confer health benefits as a result. For example, blueberries are often considered a superfood (or superfruit) because they contain significant amounts of antioxidants, anthocyanins, vitamin C, manganese, and dietary fiber.[1] However, the term is not in common currency amongst dieticians and nutritional scientists, many of whom dispute the claims made that consuming particular foodstuffs can have a health benefit[2] There is no legal definition of the term and it has been alleged that this has led to it being over-used as a marketing too"

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Superfood Superfoods wikipedia info reference nutrition