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Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain.
Larsen TM, Toubro S, Gudmundsen O, Astrup A.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3):606-12.
PMID: 16522907

CONCLUSION: A 3.4-g daily CLA supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or fat mass regain in a healthy obese population.

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2006 March ajcn study research clinical_trial rct humans obese healthy subjects obesity CLA Tonalin supplementation body_fat safety nutrition medline weight gain regain weight_gain weight_regain

Effects of dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on the blood lipid profile in healthy middle-aged men.
Tricon S, Burdge GC, Jones EL, Russell JJ, El-Khazen S, Moretti E, Hall WL, Gerry AB, Leake DS, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Calder PC, Yaqoob P.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;83(4):744-53.
PMID: 16600923

CONCLUSION: Dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-11 18:1 do not appear to have a significant effect on the blood lipid profile

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2006 April ajcn study research clinical_trial rct humans healthy middle-aged men nutrition medline dairy products CLA cis-9_trans-11 cholesterol HDL LDL CVD triglycerides lipid_profile lipids risk_factors

Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets.
Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N, Holt SH, Speth JD.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;71(3):682-92.
PMID: 10702160

Our analysis showed that whenever and wherever it was ecologically possible, hunter-gatherers consumed high amounts (45-65% of energy) of animal food. Most (73%) of the worldwide hunter-gatherer societies derived >50% (> or =56-65% of energy) of their subsistence from animal foods, whereas only 14% of these societies derived >50% (> or =56-65% of energy) of their subsistence from gathered plant foods. This high reliance on animal-based foods coupled with the relatively low carbohydrate content of wild plant foods produces universally characteristic macronutrient consumption ratios in which protein is elevated (19-35% of energy) at the expense of carbohydrates (22-40% of energy).

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2000 March ajcn study research epidemiological humans Cordain macronutrients hunter-gatherers preagricultural diets wild foods game meat Plant-animal subsistence ratios ratio plant animal nutrition medline energy paleolithic diet paleolithic_diet

Sweat gland epithelial and myoepithelial cells are vitamin D targets.
Koike N, Stumpf WE.
Exp Dermatol. 2007 Feb;16(2):94-7.
PMID: 17222221
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00513.x

Nuclear receptor binding of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (vitamin D) in skin keratinocytes of epidermis, hair sheaths and sebaceous glands was discovered through receptor microscopic autoradiography. Extended experiments with 3H-1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 and its analog 3H-oxacalcitriol (OCT) now demonstrate nuclear receptor binding in sweat gland epithelium of secretory coils and ducts as well as in myoepithelial cells, as studied in paws of nude mice after i.v. injection. The results suggest genomic regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as of secretory and excretory functions, indicating potential therapies for impaired secretion as in hypohidrosis of aged and diseased skin.

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2007 February study research in_vivo animal_study autoradiography skin Sweat gland epithelial glands myoepithelial cells vitamin_D targets VDR 1.25(OH)2D calcitriol nutrition

Twice single doses of 100,000 IU of vitamin D in winter is adequate and safe for prevention of vitamin D deficiency in healthy children from Ushuaia, Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina.
Tau C, Ciriani V, Scaiola E, Acuña M.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Mar;103(3-5):651-4. Epub 2007 Jan 25.
PMID: 17257830
doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.027

These results disclosed that to prevent vitamin D deficiency for children at zones of risk at the south of our country, double supplementation of 100,000 IU of vitamin D during autumn and winter, would be adequate and safe.

www.sciencedirect.com/science - Preview

2007 March study reserach clinical_trial humans children vitamin_D deficiency prevention 25ohd winter Ushuaia Tierra_Del_Fuego nutrition medline high-dose supplementation twice single doses two Argentina

Coenzyme Q10.
Bonakdar RA, Guarneri E.
Am Fam Physician. 2005 Sep 15;72(6):1065-70. Review.
PMID: 16190504

Coenzyme Q10 is a vitamin-like substance used in the treatment of a variety of disorders primarily related to suboptimal cellular energy metabolism and oxidative injury. Studies supporting the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 appear most promising for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and certain encephalomyopathies for which coenzyme Q10 has gained orphan drug status. Results in other areas of research, including treatment of congestive heart failure and diabetes, appear to be contradictory or need further clarification before proceeding with recommendations. Coenzyme Q10 appears to be a safe supplement with minimal side effects and low drug interaction potential.

www.aafp.org/...1065.html - Preview

2005 September study review humans nutrition medline Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme_Q10 ubiquinone ubidecarenone coq10 CVD HF CHF diabetes dosage dosing Parkinson's disease Parkinson's_disease Parkinson

Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials.
Rosenfeldt FL, Haas SJ, Krum H, Hadj A, Ng K, Leong JY, Watts GF.
J Hum Hypertens. 2007 Apr;21(4):297-306. Epub 2007 Feb 8.
PMID: 17287847

We conclude that coenzyme Q10 has the potential in hypertensive patients to lower systolic blood pressure by up to 17 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by up to 10 mm Hg without significant side effects.

www.nature.com/...1002138a.html - Preview

2007 April study review meta-analysis clinical_trials humans Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme_Q10 hypertension nutrtion medline blood_pressure bp CVD ubiquinone ubidecarenone coq10

Effect of coenzyme Q10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarction.
Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K, Pella D, Kumar A, Niaz MA, Thakur AS.
Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Apr;246(1-2):75-82.
PMID: 12841346

www.springerlink.com/...u3437g0j1877x422 - Preview

2003 April study research clinical_trial rct humans statin statins acute myocardial infarction myocardial_infarction MI CVD CHD vitamin_E Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme_Q10 unstable atheroma nutrition medline ubiquinone ubidecarenone coq10

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with carotid plaque: a cross-sectional study from the population based Northern Manhattan Study.
Rundek T, Hundle R, Ratchford E, Ramas R, Sciacca R, Di Tullio MR, Boden-Albala B, Miyake Y, Elkind MS, Sacco RL, Homma S.
BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Aug 17;6:35.
PMID: 16916467
doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-6-35.

Conclusion
Decreased brachial FMD is independently associated with carotid plaque. Non-invasive evaluation of endothelial dysfunction may be a useful marker of preclinical atherosclerosis and help to individualize cardiovascular risk assessment beyond traditional risk factors.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC1560160 - Preview

2006 August study rsearch epidemiological humans endothelial dysfunction endothelial_dysfunction carotid plaque brachial FMD CVD flow-mediated dilatation atherosclerosis medline

Vitamin D association with estradiol and progesterone in young women.
Knight JA, Wong J, Blackmore KM, Raboud JM, Vieth R.
Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19916051

Conclusions Higher levels of vitamin D may reduce progesterone and estradiol, providing a potential mechanism for reduction in breast cancer risk from increased vitamin D exposure in young women

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2009 November study research epidemiological young women Vieth vitamin_D 25ohd high levels higher progesterone estradiol breast cancer risk breast_cancer nutrition luteal phase luteal_phase medline

Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation may have adverse effects on serum lipids during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.
Heikkinen AM, Tuppurainen MT, Niskanen L, Komulainen M, Penttilä I, Saarikoski S.
Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Nov;137(5):495-502.
PMID: 9405029

CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the positive long-term effect of HRT with sequential estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate on serum lipid concentrations. In addition, the results suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation may have unfavorable effects on lipids in postmenopausal women. Pure vitamin D3 treatment was associated with increased serum LDL cholesterol. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of HRT on serum LDL cholesterol content were reduced when estradiol valerate was combined with vitamin D3. However, the relevance of these associations to cardiovascular morbidity remains to be established.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...9405029 - Preview

1997 November study research clinical_trial rct humans women long-term vitamin D3 vitamin_D supplementation adverse effects lipids lipid_profile CVD during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy HRT nutrition LDL risk_factors medline

Progesterone with vitamin D affords better neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons than progesterone alone.
Atif F, Sayeed I, Ishrat T, Stein DG.
Mol Med. 2009 Sep-Oct;15(9-10):328-36. Epub 2009 Jun 26.
PMID: 19603099

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2710287 - Preview

2009 September study research in_vitro progesterone with vitamin_D neuroprotection against excitotoxicity CNS brain neuroprotective medline

n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: evidence explained and mechanisms explored.
Calder PC.
Clin Sci (Lond). 2004 Jul;107(1):1-11. Review.
PMID: 15132735

DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTAKE OF LONG-CHAIN n-3 PUFAS

It is clear from the forgoing discussion that long-chain n-3 fatty acids have been proven to be effective in secondary prevention of MI, with a particularly marked effect on sudden death. Thus it would be prudent to advise post-MI patients to increase long-chain n-3 PUFA consumption. Epidemiological studies, studies investigating effects on classic and emerging risk factors and mechanistic studies indicate that long-chain n-3 fatty acids also play a key role in primary prevention. This is supported by studies in animal models, including monkeys. Thus long-chain n-3 fatty acid consumption should be promoted for all individuals especially those at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This is the reason why a number of organizations have now made recommendations relating to the intake of fatty fish (for example [3]) and of long-chain n-3 PUFAs (Table 6). It is clear that there is a wide gap between current intakes of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and many of these recommendations (Table 6). To meet these recommendations strategies other than increased consumption of fatty fish may be required.

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2004 July study review humans omega-3 CVD evidence mechanisms stabilize advanced atherosclerotic plaques stability plaque nutrition medline triglycerides fish_oil anti-arrhythmic EPA DHA sudden_death recommendations dietary

n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: actions and molecular mechanisms.
Torrejon C, Jung UJ, Deckelbaum RJ.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Nov-Dec;77(5-6):319-26. Epub 2007 Dec 3. Review. Erratum in: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 Feb;78(2):157.
PMID: 18060753
doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.014.

In conclusion, a growing body of evidence, encompassing human to cellular and molecular studies are defining the roles for n-3 FA as bioactive agents for reducing the risks of and treating CVD.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2386438 - Preview

2007 November study review humans omega-3 CVD atherosclerosis actions molecular mechanisms molecular_mechanisms nutrition medline biological effects mechanism plaque stabilization stability plaques atherosclerotic atheroma bioactive agents risk

Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial.
Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP, Gallagher PJ, Calder PC, Grimble RF.
Lancet. 2003 Feb 8;361(9356):477-85.
PMID: 12583947
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12468-3

Interpretation
Atherosclerotic plaques readily incorporate n-3 PUFAs from fish-oil supplementation, inducing changes that can enhance stability of atherosclerotic plaques. By contrast, increased consumption of n-6 PUFAs does not affect carotid plaque fatty-acid composition or stability over the time course studied here. Stability of plaques could explain reductions in non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events associated with increased n-3 PUFA intake

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2003 February Lancet study research clinical_trial rct humans omega-3 fish_oil EPA DHA PUFA CVD CHD atherosclerotic plaques plaque nutrition stability stable inflammation anti-inflammatory carotid

Relationship of dietary linoleic acid to blood pressure. The International Study of Macro-Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Study [corrected]
Miura K, Stamler J, Nakagawa H, Elliott P, Ueshima H, Chan Q, Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Saitoh S, Dyer AR, Daviglus ML, Kesteloot H, Okayama A, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Elmer PJ, Steffen LM, Robertson C, Zhao L; International Study of Macro-Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Research Group.
Hypertension. 2008 Aug;52(2):408-14. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Erratum in: Hypertension. 2008 Sep;52(3):e29.
PMID: 18606902
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.112383

Dietary linoleic acid intake may contribute to prevention and control of adverse blood pressure levels in general populations

hyper.ahajournals.org/...408 - Preview

2008 August study research epidemiological humans alpha-linolenic acid alpha-linolenic_acid ALA omega-3 nutrition CVD hypertension high blood pressure bp high_blood_pressure medline blood_pressure PUFA

Cardiovascular risk and alpha-linolenic acid: can Costa Rica clarify?
Harris WS.
Circulation. 2008 Jul 22;118(4):323-4. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Review. PMID: 18606912
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.791467

circ.ahajournals.org/...323 - Preview

2008 July Circulation study editorial review Harris epidemiological humans alpha-linolenic acid alpha-linolenic_acid ALA omega-3 nutrition CVD CHD risk cardiovascular cardiovascular_risk CVD_risk medline

Alpha-linolenic acid and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction.
Campos H, Baylin A, Willett WC.
Circulation. 2008 Jul 22;118(4):339-45. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Erratum in: Circulation. 2008 Sep 16;118(12):e492.
PMID: 18606916
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.762419

Conclusions - Consumption of vegetable oils rich in {alpha}-linolenic acid could confer important cardiovascular protection. The apparent protective effect of {alpha}-linolenic acid is most evident among subjects with low intakes

circ.ahajournals.org/...339 - Preview

2008 July study research Circulation epidemiological humans alpha-linolenic acid alpha-linolenic_acid ALA omega-3 nutrition CVD CHD reduces risk reduction risk_reduction nonfatal MI nonfatal_MI adipose tissue adipose_tissue risk_factors Willett medline

Fatty acid intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in U.S. women.
Alperovich M, Neuman MI, Willett WC, Curhan GC.
Nutrition. 2007 Mar;23(3):196-202. Epub 2007 Jan 22.
PMID: 17236748
doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.11.007.

Conclusions
Fatty acid intake may affect the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in young and middle-aged women. Higher dietary intake of palmitic acid and possibly DHA and EPA may increase the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in women while higher oleic acid intake may decrease the risk.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2293281 - Preview

2007 March study research epidemiological humans women fatty acid acids intake omega-3 EPA DHA fish_oil palmitic_acid community-acquired pneumonia risk pneumonia_risk Willett nutrition medline oleic_acid olive_oil

Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Scognamiglio P, Gicchino M, Petrizzo M, Saccomanno F, Beneduce F, Ceriello A, Giugliano D.
Ann Intern Med. 2009 Sep 1;151(5):306-14. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Oct 20;151(8):591.
PMID: 19721018

Conclusion: Compared with a low-fat diet, a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean-style diet led to more favorable changes in glycemic control and coronary risk factors and delayed the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in overweight patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

www.annals.org/...306.short - Preview

2009 September annals study research clinical_trial rct humans overweight patients diabetic Mediterranean-style Mediterranen diet Mediterranen_diet low-fat low-fat_diet type_2 diabetes nutrition glycemic_control CVD CHD risk_factors nutrtion medline