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"Numerous studies link Vitamin D and influenza, as well as Vitamin D and respiratory infections more generally. This vitamin up-regulates genetic expression of various endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which exhibit broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Reports discussed below indicate that susceptibility to influenza is reduced with higher levels of sun exposure or vitamin D supplementation. Seasonal variation of vitamin D levels in humans can help explain the seasonality of flu epidemics."

en.wikipedia.org/...Vitamin_D_and_influenza - Preview

vitamin_D influenza info reference wikipedia endogenous antimicrobial peptides peptide AMP season seasonal variation 25ohd nutrition levels status calcidiol

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Among US Children Aged 1 to 11 Years: Do Children Need More Vitamin D?
Mansbach JM, Ginde AA, Camargo CA Jr.
Pediatrics. 2009 Nov;124(5):1404-1410.
PMID: 19951983

CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of a nationally representative sample of US children aged 1 to 11 years, millions of children may have suboptimal levels of 25(OH)D, especially non-Hispanic black and Hispanic children. More data in children are needed not only to understand better the health implications of specific serum levels of 25(OH)D but also to determine the appropriate vitamin D supplement requirements for children.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...19951983 - Preview

2009 November Pediatrics study research epidemiological humans children US USA vitamin_D deficiency prevalence 25ohd low_levels level status nutrition medline

A vitamin D nutritional cornucopia: new insights concerning the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population.
Norman AW.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1455-6.
PMID: 19064502
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27049

In summary, the report of Looker et al should be required reading for all nutritionists, clinicians, and vitamin D aficionados who are decision makers with regard to 25(OH)D assays, vitamin D nutritional policy, and the care of patients with vitamin D–related diseases.

www.ajcn.org/...1455 - Preview

2008 December ajcn Anthony Norman study editorial review humans vitamin_D nutritional cornucopia nutrition 25ohd status US USA population medline

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988-1994 compared with 2000-2004.
Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano MF, Yetley EA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1519-27.
PMID: 19064511
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26182

Conclusions: Overall, mean serum 25(OH)D was lower in 2000–2004 than 1988–1994. Assay changes unrelated to changes in vitamin D status accounted for much of the difference in most population groups. In an adult subgroup, combined changes in BMI, milk intake, and sun protection appeared to contribute to a real decline in vitamin D status.

In summary, age-standardized mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations based on observed values were significantly lower in 2000–2004 than in 1988–1994 in all groups examined. Adjustment for assay changes noticeably reduced the difference between surveys. However, mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations remained significantly lower in males (except Mexican Americans) in NHANES 2000–2004 than in NHANES III, even after adjustment for assay differences. This remaining difference likely represents a real decline in vitamin D status. Changes in BMI, milk intake, and sun protection appeared to contribute to this decline in a subgroup of non-Hispanic white adults. The possibility that trends in overweight, sun protection, and milk intake may continue supports the need to continue monitoring the serum 25(OH)D status of the population

www.ajcn.org/...1519 - Preview

2008 December ajcn Looker study research epidemiological humans vitamin_D 25ohd status low lower 2000-2004 1988-1994 US USA population NHANES nutrition medline

Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and cognitive performance in middle-aged and older European men.
Lee DM, Tajar A, Ulubaev A, Pendleton N, O'Neill TW, O'Connor DB, Bartfai G, Boonen S, Bouillon R, Casanueva FF, Finn JD, Forti G, Giwercman A, Han TS, Huhtaniemi IT, Kula K, Lean ME, Punab M, Silman AJ, Vanderschueren D, Wu FC; EMAS study group.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;80(7):722-9. Epub 2009 May 21.
PMID: 19460797
doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.165720

Conclusion: In this study, lower 25(OH)D levels were associated with poorer performance on the DSST. Further research is warranted to determine whether vitamin D sufficiency might have a role in preserving cognitive function in older adults.

jnnp.bmj.com/...722.abstract - Preview

2009 July study research epidemiological humans middle-aged middle-age older old elderly European men vitamin_D 25ohd status cogntion nutrition cognitive performance medline Europe

Urgent action needed to improve vitamin D status among older people in England!
Hirani V, Tull K, Ali A, Mindell J.
Age Ageing. 2009 Nov 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19934073

CONCLUSIONS: poor vitamin D status of older people continues to be a public health problem in England. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with many risk factors and poor health outcomes. There is now an urgent need for a uniform policy on assessment and dietary supplementation of vitamin D in older people to prevent poor vitamin D status and its negative consequences

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...19934073 - Preview

2009 November study research epidemiological humans older old elderly Urgent action needed improve vitamin_D status deficiency prevalence England UK nutrition hypovitaminosis_D supplementation medline poor

"Posted Tue Nov 17, 2009 4:01pm AEDT
Updated Tue Nov 17, 2009 4:27pm AEDT
Researchers are advising people with MS to take safe levels of vitamin D supplements.

Researchers are advising people with MS to take safe levels of vitamin D supplements. (ABC News: Giulio Saggin, file photo)

* Audio: New research shows Vitamin D may slow the progress of MS (The World Today)

Australian scientists have found that Vitamin D may slow the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Figures showing that people living in Tasmania are seven times more likely to develop MS than Queenslanders had suggested a link between sunlight exposure and the disease. "

www.abc.net.au/...2745381.htm - Preview

2009 November abc.net.au news vitamin_D multiple_sclerosis MS supplementation Australia Tasmania nutrition levels status 25ohd

25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population.
Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B.
Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1629-37.
PMID: 18695076

Conclusion The lowest quartile of 25(OH)D level (<17.8 ng/mL) is independently associated with all-cause mortality in the general population.

archinte.ama-assn.org/...1629 - Preview

2008 August archinte study research epidemiological humans 25ohd calcidiol vitamin_D levels status mortality all-cause all-causes total nutrition medline

"NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Low vitamin D levels in the body may be deadly, according to a new study hinting that adults with lower, versus higher, blood levels of vitamin D may be more likely to die from heart disease or stroke.

Vitamin D is an essential vitamin mostly obtained from direct sunlight exposure, but also found in foods and multivitamins.

Dr. Annamari Kilkkinen, at the National Institute for Health and Welfare in Helsinki, Finland, and colleagues compared blood levels of vitamin D and deaths from heart disease or stroke over time in 2,817 men and 3,402 women in Finland."

www.nlm.nih.gov/...fullstory_91248.html - Preview

2009 October medlineplus news vitamin_D deficiency status low_levels CVD CHD stroke risk death Finland humans nutrition epidemiological low levels

African Americans, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and osteoporosis: a paradox.
Aloia JF.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;88(2):545S-550S. Review.
PMID: 18689399

African Americans have lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and a lower risk of fragility fractures than do other populations. I review the evidence on factors other than vitamin D that might explain this paradox and the calcium economy in different life stages.

www.ajcn.org/...545S - Preview

2008 August ajcn study review Aloia African Americans black humans 25ohd calcidiol vitamin_D status osteoporosis bone health paradox fractures nutrition fracture risk medline blacks African_Americans skin color

Serum vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
Travis RC, Crowe FL, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Roddam AW, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Dilis V, Trichopoulos D, Vineis P, Palli D, Tumino R, Sieri S, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven FJ, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, González CA, Argüelles MV, Sánchez MJ, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ.
Am J Epidemiol. 2009 May 15;169(10):1223-32. Epub 2009 Apr 9.
PMID: 19359375

In summary, the results of this large nested case-control study provide no evidence in support of a protective effect of circulating concentrations of vitamin D on the risk of prostate cancer.

aje.oxfordjournals.org/...1223 - Preview

2009 May aje study research epidemiological humans men prostate cancer prostate_cancer PCa risk vitamin_D status 25ohd nutrition medline

25-hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, and metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort.
Hyppönen E, Boucher BJ, Berry DJ, Power C.
Diabetes. 2008 Feb;57(2):298-305. Epub 2007 Nov 14.
PMID: 18003755
doi: 10.2337/db07-1122

CONCLUSIONS—Serum 25(OH)D is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome, whereas the inverse association with IGF-1 was found only among those without hypovitaminosis D. These results suggest that metabolic syndrome prevalence is the lowest when both 25(OH)D and IGF-1 are high.

diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/...298.full - Preview

2008 February study research epidemiological humans British Hyppönen UK vitamin_D status 25ohd metabolic syndrome metaboli_syndrome diabetes type_2 IGF_1 nutrition medline

Prospective study of serum vitamin D and cancer mortality in the United States.
Freedman DM, Looker AC, Chang SC, Graubard BI.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Nov 7;99(21):1594-602. Epub 2007 Oct 30.
PMID: 17971526
doi:10.1093/jnci/djm204

CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support an association between 25(OH)D and total cancer mortality, although there was an inverse relationship between 25(OH)D levels and colorectal cancer mortality.

jnci.oxfordjournals.org/...1594 - Preview

2007 October JNCI study research epidemiological prospective humans vitamin_D status 25ohd cancer total colorectal colorectal_cancer mortality USA nutrition medline

Relation of body fat indexes to vitamin D status and deficiency among obese adolescents.
Lenders CM, Feldman HA, Von Scheven E, Merewood A, Sweeney C, Wilson DM, Lee PD, Abrams SH, Gitelman SE, Wertz MS, Klish WJ, Taylor GA, Chen TC, Holick MF; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric Research Network Obesity Study Group.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Sep;90(3):459-67. Epub 2009 Jul 29.
PMID: 19640956

RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) age of the adolescents was 14.9 +/- 1.4 y; 38 (66%) were female, and 8 (14%) were black. The mean (+/-SD) body mass index (in kg/m(2)) was 36 +/- 5, FM was 40.0 +/- 5.5%, and VAT was 12.4 +/- 4.3%. Seventeen of the adolescents were vitamin D deficient, but none had elevated PTH concentrations. Bone mineral content and bone mineral density were within 2 SDs of national standards. In a multivariate analysis, 25(OH)D decreased by 0.46 +/- 0.22 ng/mL per 1% increment in FM (beta +/- SE, P = 0.05), whereas PTH decreased by 0.78 +/- 0.29 pg/mL per 1% increment in VAT (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, our results show for the first time that obese adolescents with 25(OH)D deficiency, but without elevated PTH concentrations, have a bone mass within the range of national standards (+/-2 SD). The findings provide initial evidence that the distribution of fat may be associated with vitamin D status, but this relation may be dependent on metabolic factors

www.ajcn.org/...459 - Preview

2009 September ajcn study research epidemiological humans obese adolescents obesity 25ohd vitamin_D deficiency body fat indexes PTH BMI BMD nutrition body_fat mass status medline

Nutritional vitamin D status during pregnancy: reasons for concern.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL.
CMAJ. 2006 Apr 25;174(9):1287-90.
PMID: 16636329
doi:10.1503/cmaj.060149.

www.cmaj.ca/...1287 - Preview

2006 April cmaj study commentary review letter Nutritional vitamin_D status during pregnancy reasons for concern Hollis Wagner nutrition medline

Vitamin D status is positively correlated with regulatory T cell function in patients with multiple sclerosis.\nSmolders J, Thewissen M, Peelen E, Menheere P, Cohen Tervaert JW, Damoiseaux J, Hupperts R.\nPLoS One. 2009 Aug 13;4(8):e6635.\nPMID: 19675671

www.plosone.org/...10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006635 - Preview

2009 August study research epidemiological humans patients vitamin_D status 25ohd Tregs T-regs multiple sclerosis MS multiple_sclerosis RRMS T-helper cells nutrition Th1-Th2 Th1 Th2 balance T-regulatory medline

Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men.
Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB, Hollis BW, Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Apr 5;98(7):451-9.
PMID: 16595781
doi:10.1093/jnci/djj101

Conclusions: Low levels of vitamin D may be associated with increased cancer incidence and mortality in men, particularly for digestive-system cancers. The vitamin D supplementation necessary to achieve a 25(OH)D increment of 25 nmol/L may be at least 1500 IU/day.

jnci.oxfordjournals.org/...451 - Preview

2006 April JNCI study research epidemiological Prospective humans predictor vitamin_D status 25ohd cancer incidence risk mortality nutrition Giovannucci Rimm Hollis Stampfer Willett medline

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians: the Adventist Health Study-2.
Chan J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1686S-1692S. Epub 2009 Apr 1.
PMID: 19339396

Conclusions: s25(OH)D concentrations were not associated with vegetarian status. Other factors, such as vitamin D supplementation, degree of skin pigmentation, and amount and intensity of sun exposure have greater influence on s25(OH)D than does diet.

www.ajcn.org/...1686S - Preview

2009 May ajcn study research epidemiological vegetarians nonvegetarians vitamin_D status 25ohd levels serum nutrition medline Adventist Health Study-2

Association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and bone stress fractures in Finnish young men.
Ruohola JP, Laaksi I, Ylikomi T, Haataja R, Mattila VM, Sahi T, Tuohimaa P, Pihlajamäki H.
J Bone Miner Res. 2006 Sep;21(9):1483-8.
doi: 10.1359/jbmr.060607

Conclusions: A lower level of serum 25(OH)D concentration may be a generally predisposing element for bone stress fractures. Considering the obvious need of additional vitamin D in prevention of stress fractures, the effects of vitamin D fortification of foods and supplementation will be subjects of interest for future research
PMID: 16939407

www.jbmronline.org/...jbmr.060607 - Preview

2006 September study research epidemiological humans Finnish young men Finland vitamin_D 25ohd bone stress fractures nutrition Ruohola Laaksi Tuohimaa medline status low_levels serum

Association of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations and low cortical bone density in early pubertal and prepubertal Finnish girls.
Cheng S, Tylavsky F, Kröger H, Kärkkäinen M, Lyytikäinen A, Koistinen A, Mahonen A, Alen M, Halleen J, Väänänen K, Lamberg-Allardt C.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;78(3):485-92. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;83(1):174.
PMID: 12936933

CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D-deficient girls have low cortical BMD and high iPTH concentrations, which are consistent with secondary hyperparathyroidism. A low vitamin D concentration accompanied by high bone resorption (TRAP 5b) may limit the accretion of bone mass in young girls.

www.ajcn.org/...485 - Preview

2003 September ajcn study research epidemiological humans young girls Finnish Finland vitamin_D status 25ohd deficiency prevalence PTH BMD nutrition bone mass density cortical Lamberg-Allardt Cheng calcium intake secondary hyperparathyroidism iPTH medline