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Conjugated linoleic acid improves insulin sensitivity in young, sedentary humans.
Eyjolfson V, Spriet LL, Dyck DJ.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 May;36(5):814-20.
PMID: 15126715

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that a common dosage of a commercially available CLA supplement can improve ISI in young, sedentary individuals. However, there is considerable individual variability in the response. Additional studies are required to identify underlying metabolic changes in human skeletal muscle.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez - Preview

2004 May study research clinical_trial rct humans young sedentary CLA supplementation insulin sensitivity insulin_sensitivity nutrition medline

Metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid in humans: the Swedish
experience.
Riserus U, Smedman A, Basu S, Vessby B.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;79(6 Suppl):1146S-1148S.
PMID: 15159248

CONCLUSIONS
CLA and specifically the isolated isomers are interesting model fatty acids for studies of the effects of (structural differences of) unsaturated fatty acids in humans. Today, there is no clear indication for human use of CLA concentrates. The possible importance of the small reduction of body fat after supplementation with the commercially available CLA products, without evidence of an associated improvement in the metabolic profile, has to be weighed against the apparent reduction of HDL cholesterol and an increased lipid peroxidation. The possible health consequences of prolonged treatment periods are at present unknown. Human supplementation with high doses of the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer should be avoided while awaiting further information on possible effects and side effects. However, it cannot be excluded that future studies could point to clinical applications, eg, as a result of antitumorigenic properties or as a tool to prevent weight gain. This possibility certainly requires more research to increase the understanding of the mechanisms behind the effects of CLA and specific CLA isomers on a molecular level. More controlled studies in defined populations are needed, as are controlled studies for comparisons of the effects of different and well-defined (mixtures of) isomers and human studies of longer duration to secure long-term effects and safety

www.ajcn.org/...1146S - Preview

2004 June ajcn study research clinical_trial rct humans CLA abdominal obesity abdominal_obesity lipid_peroxidation metabolic syndrome metabolic_syndrome HDL nutrition body_fat supplementation medline

Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men.
Riserus U, Vessby B, Arnlov J, Basu S.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):279-83.
PMID: 15277146

CONCLUSIONS: A CLA preparation containing the purified c9,t11 CLA isomer increased insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation compared with placebo in obese men. Because c9,t11 CLA occurs in commercial supplements as well as in the diet, the present results should be confirmed in larger studies that also include women.

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2004 August ajcn study research clinical_trial rct humans abdominally obese men obesity CLA cis-9_trans-11 dairy fat dairy_fat insulin resistance insulin_resistance nutrition abdominal_obesity inflammation oxidative_stress lipid_peroxidation medline

Opposing effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on blood lipids in healthy humans.
Tricon S, Burdge GC, Kew S, Banerjee T, Russell JJ, Jones EL, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Yaqoob P, Calder PC.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):614-20.
PMID: 15321800

Conclusion: Divergent effects of cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA appear on the blood lipid profile in healthy humans: trans-10,cis-12 CLA increases LDL:HDL cholesterol and total:HDL cholesterol, whereas cis-9,trans-11 CLA decreases them.

www.ajcn.org/...614 - Preview

2004 September ajcn study research clinical_trial rct humans healthy men CLA supplementation opposing effects opposite cis-9_trans-11 trans-10_cis-12 nutrition HDL LDL lipid_profile cholesterol lipids triglycerides CVD medline

Conjugated linoleic acid promotes human adipocyte insulin resistance through NFkappaB-dependent cytokine production.
Chung S, Brown JM, Provo JN, Hopkins R, McIntosh MK.
J Biol Chem. 2005 Nov 18;280(46):38445-56. Epub 2005 Sep 9.
PMID: 16155293
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M508159200

Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that trans-10, cis-12 CLA promotes NFkappaB activation and subsequent induction of IL-6, which are at least in part responsible for trans-10, cis-12 CLA-mediated suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma target gene expression and insulin sensitivity in mature human adipocytes.

In summary, our in vitro data demonstrate that a physiological level of trans-10, cis-12 CLA activates NFκB- and ERK1/2-dependent cytokine production, which together suppress PPARγ and Glut4 levels and lead to impaired glucose uptake. Studies are currently under way examining 1) how CLA regulates PPARγ and the expression of its target genes, 2) the specific signaling role of SV cells and adipocytes in mediating the TG-lowering actions of CLA, and 3) the CLA-induced, upstream signal that activates NFκB and ERK1/2.

www.jbc.org/...38445.full - Preview

2005 November study research in_vitro CLA trans-10_cis-12 promotes adipocyte adipocytes nutrition insulin resistance insulin_resistance NFkappaB-dependent NFkappaB cytokine production cytokines medline PPAR PPAR-gamma IL-6 NFkappaB_activation

Conjugated linoleic acid impairs endothelial function.
Taylor JS, Williams SR, Rhys R, James P, Frenneaux MP.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Feb;26(2):307-12. Epub 2005 Dec 8.
PMID: 16339498

CONCLUSIONS: A CLA isomeric mixture had at most modest effects on adiposity and worsened endothelial function. On the basis of these results, the use of the isomeric mixture of CLA as an aid to weight loss cannot be recommended

atvb.ahajournals.org/...307 - Preview

2006 February atvb study research clinical_trial rct humans CLA supplementation endothelial function endothelial_function impairs impairment CVD obesity oxidative_stress nutrition medline body_composition BMI body_fat isomeric mixture

Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain.
Larsen TM, Toubro S, Gudmundsen O, Astrup A.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3):606-12.
PMID: 16522907

CONCLUSION: A 3.4-g daily CLA supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or fat mass regain in a healthy obese population.

www.ajcn.org/...606 - Preview

2006 March ajcn study research clinical_trial rct humans obese healthy subjects obesity CLA Tonalin supplementation body_fat safety nutrition medline weight gain regain weight_gain weight_regain

Effects of dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on the blood lipid profile in healthy middle-aged men.
Tricon S, Burdge GC, Jones EL, Russell JJ, El-Khazen S, Moretti E, Hall WL, Gerry AB, Leake DS, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Calder PC, Yaqoob P.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;83(4):744-53.
PMID: 16600923

CONCLUSION: Dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-11 18:1 do not appear to have a significant effect on the blood lipid profile

www.ajcn.org/...744 - Preview

2006 April ajcn study research clinical_trial rct humans healthy middle-aged men nutrition medline dairy products CLA cis-9_trans-11 cholesterol HDL LDL CVD triglycerides lipid_profile lipids risk_factors

Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets.
Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N, Holt SH, Speth JD.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;71(3):682-92.
PMID: 10702160

Our analysis showed that whenever and wherever it was ecologically possible, hunter-gatherers consumed high amounts (45-65% of energy) of animal food. Most (73%) of the worldwide hunter-gatherer societies derived >50% (> or =56-65% of energy) of their subsistence from animal foods, whereas only 14% of these societies derived >50% (> or =56-65% of energy) of their subsistence from gathered plant foods. This high reliance on animal-based foods coupled with the relatively low carbohydrate content of wild plant foods produces universally characteristic macronutrient consumption ratios in which protein is elevated (19-35% of energy) at the expense of carbohydrates (22-40% of energy).

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2000 March ajcn study research epidemiological humans Cordain macronutrients hunter-gatherers preagricultural diets wild foods game meat Plant-animal subsistence ratios ratio plant animal nutrition medline energy paleolithic diet paleolithic_diet

Sweat gland epithelial and myoepithelial cells are vitamin D targets.
Koike N, Stumpf WE.
Exp Dermatol. 2007 Feb;16(2):94-7.
PMID: 17222221
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00513.x

Nuclear receptor binding of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (vitamin D) in skin keratinocytes of epidermis, hair sheaths and sebaceous glands was discovered through receptor microscopic autoradiography. Extended experiments with 3H-1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 and its analog 3H-oxacalcitriol (OCT) now demonstrate nuclear receptor binding in sweat gland epithelium of secretory coils and ducts as well as in myoepithelial cells, as studied in paws of nude mice after i.v. injection. The results suggest genomic regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as of secretory and excretory functions, indicating potential therapies for impaired secretion as in hypohidrosis of aged and diseased skin.

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2007 February study research in_vivo animal_study autoradiography skin Sweat gland epithelial glands myoepithelial cells vitamin_D targets VDR 1.25(OH)2D calcitriol nutrition

Effect of coenzyme Q10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarction.
Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K, Pella D, Kumar A, Niaz MA, Thakur AS.
Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Apr;246(1-2):75-82.
PMID: 12841346

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2003 April study research clinical_trial rct humans statin statins acute myocardial infarction myocardial_infarction MI CVD CHD vitamin_E Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme_Q10 unstable atheroma nutrition medline ubiquinone ubidecarenone coq10

Vitamin D association with estradiol and progesterone in young women.
Knight JA, Wong J, Blackmore KM, Raboud JM, Vieth R.
Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19916051

Conclusions Higher levels of vitamin D may reduce progesterone and estradiol, providing a potential mechanism for reduction in breast cancer risk from increased vitamin D exposure in young women

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2009 November study research epidemiological young women Vieth vitamin_D 25ohd high levels higher progesterone estradiol breast cancer risk breast_cancer nutrition luteal phase luteal_phase medline

Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation may have adverse effects on serum lipids during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.
Heikkinen AM, Tuppurainen MT, Niskanen L, Komulainen M, Penttilä I, Saarikoski S.
Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Nov;137(5):495-502.
PMID: 9405029

CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the positive long-term effect of HRT with sequential estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate on serum lipid concentrations. In addition, the results suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation may have unfavorable effects on lipids in postmenopausal women. Pure vitamin D3 treatment was associated with increased serum LDL cholesterol. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of HRT on serum LDL cholesterol content were reduced when estradiol valerate was combined with vitamin D3. However, the relevance of these associations to cardiovascular morbidity remains to be established.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...9405029 - Preview

1997 November study research clinical_trial rct humans women long-term vitamin D3 vitamin_D supplementation adverse effects lipids lipid_profile CVD during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy HRT nutrition LDL risk_factors medline

Progesterone with vitamin D affords better neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons than progesterone alone.
Atif F, Sayeed I, Ishrat T, Stein DG.
Mol Med. 2009 Sep-Oct;15(9-10):328-36. Epub 2009 Jun 26.
PMID: 19603099

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2710287 - Preview

2009 September study research in_vitro progesterone with vitamin_D neuroprotection against excitotoxicity CNS brain neuroprotective medline

Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial.
Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP, Gallagher PJ, Calder PC, Grimble RF.
Lancet. 2003 Feb 8;361(9356):477-85.
PMID: 12583947
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12468-3

Interpretation
Atherosclerotic plaques readily incorporate n-3 PUFAs from fish-oil supplementation, inducing changes that can enhance stability of atherosclerotic plaques. By contrast, increased consumption of n-6 PUFAs does not affect carotid plaque fatty-acid composition or stability over the time course studied here. Stability of plaques could explain reductions in non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events associated with increased n-3 PUFA intake

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2003 February Lancet study research clinical_trial rct humans omega-3 fish_oil EPA DHA PUFA CVD CHD atherosclerotic plaques plaque nutrition stability stable inflammation anti-inflammatory carotid

Relationship of dietary linoleic acid to blood pressure. The International Study of Macro-Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Study [corrected]
Miura K, Stamler J, Nakagawa H, Elliott P, Ueshima H, Chan Q, Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Saitoh S, Dyer AR, Daviglus ML, Kesteloot H, Okayama A, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Elmer PJ, Steffen LM, Robertson C, Zhao L; International Study of Macro-Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Research Group.
Hypertension. 2008 Aug;52(2):408-14. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Erratum in: Hypertension. 2008 Sep;52(3):e29.
PMID: 18606902
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.112383

Dietary linoleic acid intake may contribute to prevention and control of adverse blood pressure levels in general populations

hyper.ahajournals.org/...408 - Preview

2008 August study research epidemiological humans alpha-linolenic acid alpha-linolenic_acid ALA omega-3 nutrition CVD hypertension high blood pressure bp high_blood_pressure medline blood_pressure PUFA

Alpha-linolenic acid and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction.
Campos H, Baylin A, Willett WC.
Circulation. 2008 Jul 22;118(4):339-45. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Erratum in: Circulation. 2008 Sep 16;118(12):e492.
PMID: 18606916
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.762419

Conclusions - Consumption of vegetable oils rich in {alpha}-linolenic acid could confer important cardiovascular protection. The apparent protective effect of {alpha}-linolenic acid is most evident among subjects with low intakes

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2008 July study research Circulation epidemiological humans alpha-linolenic acid alpha-linolenic_acid ALA omega-3 nutrition CVD CHD reduces risk reduction risk_reduction nonfatal MI nonfatal_MI adipose tissue adipose_tissue risk_factors Willett medline

Fatty acid intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in U.S. women.
Alperovich M, Neuman MI, Willett WC, Curhan GC.
Nutrition. 2007 Mar;23(3):196-202. Epub 2007 Jan 22.
PMID: 17236748
doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.11.007.

Conclusions
Fatty acid intake may affect the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in young and middle-aged women. Higher dietary intake of palmitic acid and possibly DHA and EPA may increase the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in women while higher oleic acid intake may decrease the risk.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2293281 - Preview

2007 March study research epidemiological humans women fatty acid acids intake omega-3 EPA DHA fish_oil palmitic_acid community-acquired pneumonia risk pneumonia_risk Willett nutrition medline oleic_acid olive_oil

Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Scognamiglio P, Gicchino M, Petrizzo M, Saccomanno F, Beneduce F, Ceriello A, Giugliano D.
Ann Intern Med. 2009 Sep 1;151(5):306-14. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Oct 20;151(8):591.
PMID: 19721018

Conclusion: Compared with a low-fat diet, a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean-style diet led to more favorable changes in glycemic control and coronary risk factors and delayed the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in overweight patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

www.annals.org/...306.short - Preview

2009 September annals study research clinical_trial rct humans overweight patients diabetic Mediterranean-style Mediterranen diet Mediterranen_diet low-fat low-fat_diet type_2 diabetes nutrition glycemic_control CVD CHD risk_factors nutrtion medline

One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes.
Brehm BJ, Lattin BL, Summer SS, Boback JA, Gilchrist GM, Jandacek RJ, D'Alessio DA.
Diabetes Care. 2009 Feb;32(2):215-20. Epub 2008 Oct 28.
PMID: 18957534
doi: 10.2337/dc08-0687

CONCLUSIONS—In individuals with type 2 diabetes, high-MUFA diets are an alternative to conventional lower-fat, high-CHO diets with comparable beneficial effects on body weight, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, and glycemic control.

care.diabetesjournals.org/...215.long - Preview

2009 February study research clinical:trial rct humans patients diabetic High-Monounsaturated Fat Diet High-Monounsaturated_Fat high MUFA high_MUFA high_MUFA_diet high-carbohydrate high-carbohydrate_diet type_2 diabetes nutrition CVD medline