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Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review - Altern Med Rev. 2005 Jun
Grant WB, Holick MF.
Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review.
Altern Med Rev. 2005 Jun;10(2):94-111. Review.
PMID: 15989379
Defining Adequate Vitamin D Intake : Cross-sectional and Intervention Studies
Defining Adequate Vitamin D Intake : Cross-sectional and Intervention Studies
Viljakainen, Heli Tuulikki
University of Helsinki
2008-05-23
Doctoral dissertation (article-based)
In summary, vitamin D intake remains inadequate among the target groups of this thesis, as reflected by seasonal variation in calcitropic hormones and bone metabolism. Dietary intake of vitamin D should be increased to achieve at least an adequate vitamin D status (S-25-OHD>50 nmol/l) and possibly an optimal vitamin D status (S-25-OHD>80 nmol/l) throughout the year. This could be accomplished by introducing new vitamin D-fortified foods to the market.
Review of fat and fatty acid requirements and criteria for developing dietary guidelines - Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;55(1-3):44-55. Epub 2009 Sep 15. (full text PDF)
Review of fat and fatty acid requirements and criteria for developing dietary guidelines.
Smit LA, Mozaffarian D, Willett W.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;55(1-3):44-55. Epub 2009 Sep 15.
PMID: 19752535
DOI: 10.1159/000228995
Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant -- Hollis and Wagner 80 (6): 1752S -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1752S-8S.
PMID: 15585800
COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION: THE PROPHYLACTIC REQUIREMENT AND THE TOXICITY OF VITAMIN D -- COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION 31 (3): 512 -- Pediatrics
Despite inadequacies in information concerning the minimum prophylactic requirement of vitamin D for all age groups beyond infancy, there is no doubt that a total intake of 400 I.U. per day is adequate to prevent vitamin D deficiency in substantially all normal children from birth through adolescence.
Evidence derived from the study of idiopathic hypercalcemia suggests that certain infants excessively sensitive to the toxic action of vitamin D may, on rare occasions, be adversely affected by daily intakes of 3,000 to 4,000 I.U. and sometimes considerably less. Because of the prevalent practice of food fortification in the United States and Canada, there is now a definite possibility that the individual, even the young infant, may ingest considerably more than the recommended vitamin D allowance, and intakes of 2,000 to 3,500 I.U. per day are possible, particularly beyond infancy. Although there has been no specific evidence that intakes of this order produce deleterious effects beyond infancy, it is pointed out that the long-term consequences of this new nutritional situation on older children or adults are entirely unknown.
Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation -- Hollis and Wagner 79 (5): 717 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):717-26. Review.
PMID: 15113709
We found that high-dose maternal vitamin D supplementation not only improves the nutritional vitamin D status of breastfeeding infants but also elevates the maternal concentrations into the mid-normal range. Thus, a dual benefit is achieved from high-dose maternal supplementation. It is noteworthy that in the Finnish study, the authors added a disclaimer, "A sufficient supply of vitamin D to the breastfed infant is achieved only by increasing the maternal supplementation up to 2000 IU/d. Such a dose is far higher than the RDA [DRI] for lactating mothers [and therefore] its safety over prolonged periods is not known and should be examined by further study." This point of concern was valid when this study was conducted in 1986 (92); however, on the basis of the current findings of Vieth et al (2) and of Heaney et al (3)—which showed that vitamin D intakes <= 10 000 IU/d (250 µg) are safe for prolonged periods (up to 5 mo)—we believe that it is time to reexamine the understated DRI of vitamin D for lactating mothers. This work is now being conducted in our clinics and laboratory.
Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in healthy adults.
Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in healthy adults.
Cashman KD, Hill TR, Lucey AJ, Taylor N, Seamans KM, Muldowney S, Fitzgerald AP, Flynn A, Barnes MS, Horigan G, Bonham MP, Duffy EM, Strain JJ, Wallace JM, Kiely M.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1535-42.
PMID: 19064513
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27334
Results: There were clear dose-related increments (P < 0.0001) in serum 25(OH)D with increasing supplemental vitamin D3. The slope of the relation between vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D was 1.96 nmol·L–1·µg–1 intake. The vitamin D intake that maintained serum 25(OH)D concentrations of >25 nmol/L in 97.5% of the sample was 8.7 µg/d. This intake ranged from 7.2 µg/d in those who enjoyed sunshine exposure, 8.8 µg/d in those who sometimes had sun exposure, and 12.3 µg/d in those who avoided sunshine. Vitamin D intakes required to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations of >37.5, >50, and >80 nmol/L in 97.5% of the sample were 19.9, 28.0, and 41.1 µg/d, respectively
Conclusion: The range of vitamin D intakes required to ensure maintenance of wintertime vitamin D status [as defined by incremental cutoffs of serum 25(OH)D] in the vast majority (>97.5%) of 20–40-y-old adults, considering a variety of sun exposure preferences, is between 7.2 and 41.1 µg/d.
Vitamin D requirements: current and future -- Weaver and Fleet 80 (6): 1735S -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Upper levels of vitamin D intake were set at 50 microg/d (2000 IU/d) for all ages. Some individuals would require higher levels than these to achieve serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations for optimal calcium absorption. So much new information on vitamin D and health has been collected since the requirements were set in 1997 that this nutrient is likely the most in need of revised requirements.
Vitamin D requirements: current and future.
Weaver CM, Fleet JC.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1735S-9S. Review. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Mar;81(3):729.
PMID: 15585797
Viisumivaatimukset Schengen alueelle - Ulkoasiainministeriö: Palvelut: Viisumintarve maittain ja Suomen hyväksymät matkustusasiakirjat
Schengen-valtiot - Alankomaat, Belgia, Espanja, Islanti, Italia, Itävalta, Kreikka, Latvia, Liettua, Luxemburg, Malta, Norja, Portugali, Puola, Ranska, Ruotsi, Saksa, Slovakia, Slovenia, Suomi, Sveitsi, Tanska, Tsekki, Unkari ja Viro - ovat yhteisesti päättäneet ulkovaltojen kansalaisten liikkumisesta alueellaan ja minkä valtioiden kansalaisilta vaaditaan viisumi. Lisäksi kukin Schengen-valtio on päättänyt mitkä matkustusasiakirjat kunkin valtion kansalaiselta hyväksytään maahan saavuttaessa.
Lisäkysymykset Suomen hyväksymistä matkustusasiakirjoista osoitetaan Suomen ulkomaanedustustoille tai ulkoministeriön passi- ja viisumiyksikölle.
Vitamin D and Cancer
This web site is dedicated to vitamin D and cancer. This is because exciting new research indicates that vitamin D—whether produced in the skin as a result of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (from sunlight or sun lamps) or obtained from supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)—may help cancer patients. However, the research is far from complete.
Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. - J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Apr
Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Apr;22(2):142-6.
PMID: 12672710
Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. - Pediatrics. 2008 Nov
Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents.\nWagner CL, Greer FR; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition.\nPediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1142-52. Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;123(1):197.\nPMID: 18977996
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