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Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review - Altern Med Rev. 2005 Jun
Grant WB, Holick MF.
Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review.
Altern Med Rev. 2005 Jun;10(2):94-111. Review.
PMID: 15989379
Defining Adequate Vitamin D Intake : Cross-sectional and Intervention Studies
Defining Adequate Vitamin D Intake : Cross-sectional and Intervention Studies
Viljakainen, Heli Tuulikki
University of Helsinki
2008-05-23
Doctoral dissertation (article-based)
In summary, vitamin D intake remains inadequate among the target groups of this thesis, as reflected by seasonal variation in calcitropic hormones and bone metabolism. Dietary intake of vitamin D should be increased to achieve at least an adequate vitamin D status (S-25-OHD>50 nmol/l) and possibly an optimal vitamin D status (S-25-OHD>80 nmol/l) throughout the year. This could be accomplished by introducing new vitamin D-fortified foods to the market.
COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION: THE PROPHYLACTIC REQUIREMENT AND THE TOXICITY OF VITAMIN D -- COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION 31 (3): 512 -- Pediatrics
Despite inadequacies in information concerning the minimum prophylactic requirement of vitamin D for all age groups beyond infancy, there is no doubt that a total intake of 400 I.U. per day is adequate to prevent vitamin D deficiency in substantially all normal children from birth through adolescence.
Evidence derived from the study of idiopathic hypercalcemia suggests that certain infants excessively sensitive to the toxic action of vitamin D may, on rare occasions, be adversely affected by daily intakes of 3,000 to 4,000 I.U. and sometimes considerably less. Because of the prevalent practice of food fortification in the United States and Canada, there is now a definite possibility that the individual, even the young infant, may ingest considerably more than the recommended vitamin D allowance, and intakes of 2,000 to 3,500 I.U. per day are possible, particularly beyond infancy. Although there has been no specific evidence that intakes of this order produce deleterious effects beyond infancy, it is pointed out that the long-term consequences of this new nutritional situation on older children or adults are entirely unknown.
Dietary Recommendations for Vitamin D: a Critical Need for Functional End Points to Establish an Estimated Average Requirement -- Whiting and Calvo 135 (2): 304 -- Journal of Nutrition
Dietary recommendations for vitamin D: a critical need for functional end points to establish an estimated average requirement.
Whiting SJ, Calvo MS.
J Nutr. 2005 Feb;135(2):304-9. Review.
PMID: 15671232
In summary, vitamin D has emerged as a critical nutrient for which there is a compelling health need to establish adequate dietary guidelines in North America and worldwide given the increasing evidence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficient links to risk of chronic disease. We strongly argue that now there are enough data to consider setting an estimated average requirement for vitamin D and to recognize the crucial need for more research to determine the role of vitamin D in noncalciotropic functions and prevention of chronic diseases
Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation -- Hollis and Wagner 79 (5): 717 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):717-26. Review.
PMID: 15113709
We found that high-dose maternal vitamin D supplementation not only improves the nutritional vitamin D status of breastfeeding infants but also elevates the maternal concentrations into the mid-normal range. Thus, a dual benefit is achieved from high-dose maternal supplementation. It is noteworthy that in the Finnish study, the authors added a disclaimer, "A sufficient supply of vitamin D to the breastfed infant is achieved only by increasing the maternal supplementation up to 2000 IU/d. Such a dose is far higher than the RDA [DRI] for lactating mothers [and therefore] its safety over prolonged periods is not known and should be examined by further study." This point of concern was valid when this study was conducted in 1986 (92); however, on the basis of the current findings of Vieth et al (2) and of Heaney et al (3)—which showed that vitamin D intakes <= 10 000 IU/d (250 µg) are safe for prolonged periods (up to 5 mo)—we believe that it is time to reexamine the understated DRI of vitamin D for lactating mothers. This work is now being conducted in our clinics and laboratory.
Vitamin D intake to attain a desired serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration -- Aloia et al. 87 (6): 1952 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Vitamin D intake to attain a desired serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.
Aloia JF, Patel M, Dimaano R, Li-Ng M, Talwar SA, Mikhail M, Pollack S, Yeh JK.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1952-8.
PMID: 18541590
The mean daily dose was 86 microg (3440 IU). The use of computer simulations to obtain the most participants within the range of 75-220 nmol/L predicted an optimal daily dose of 115 microg/d (4600 IU). No hypercalcemia or hypercalciuria was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of the intake required to attain serum 25(OH)D concentrations >75 nmol/L must consider the wide variability in the dose-response curve and basal 25(OH)D concentrations. Projection of the dose-response curves observed in this convenience sample onto the population of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggests a dose of 95 microg/d (3800 IU) for those above a 25(OH)D threshold of 55 nmol/L and a dose of 125 microg/d (5000 IU) for those below that threshold.
Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in healthy adults.
Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in healthy adults.
Cashman KD, Hill TR, Lucey AJ, Taylor N, Seamans KM, Muldowney S, Fitzgerald AP, Flynn A, Barnes MS, Horigan G, Bonham MP, Duffy EM, Strain JJ, Wallace JM, Kiely M.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1535-42.
PMID: 19064513
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27334
Results: There were clear dose-related increments (P < 0.0001) in serum 25(OH)D with increasing supplemental vitamin D3. The slope of the relation between vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D was 1.96 nmol·L–1·µg–1 intake. The vitamin D intake that maintained serum 25(OH)D concentrations of >25 nmol/L in 97.5% of the sample was 8.7 µg/d. This intake ranged from 7.2 µg/d in those who enjoyed sunshine exposure, 8.8 µg/d in those who sometimes had sun exposure, and 12.3 µg/d in those who avoided sunshine. Vitamin D intakes required to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations of >37.5, >50, and >80 nmol/L in 97.5% of the sample were 19.9, 28.0, and 41.1 µg/d, respectively
Conclusion: The range of vitamin D intakes required to ensure maintenance of wintertime vitamin D status [as defined by incremental cutoffs of serum 25(OH)D] in the vast majority (>97.5%) of 20–40-y-old adults, considering a variety of sun exposure preferences, is between 7.2 and 41.1 µg/d.
How Much Vitamin D3 Do the Elderly Need? -- Viljakainen et al. 25 (5): 429 -- Journal of the American College of Nutrition
How much vitamin D3 do the elderly need?
Viljakainen HT, Palssa A, Kärkkäinen M, Jakobsen J, Lamberg-Allardt C.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2006 Oct;25(5):429-35.
PMID: 17031013
Conclusions: A clear dose response was noted in S-25-OHD to different doses of vitamin D3. The recommended dietary intake of 15 µg is adequate to maintain the S-25-OHD concentration around 40–55 nmol/L during winter, but if the optimal S-25-OHD is higher than that even higher vitamin D intakes are needed. Interestingly, subjects with lower vitamin D status at baseline responded more efficiently to supplementation than those with more adequate status
New Hot Paper Comment by Bruce W. Hollis
Vitamin D deficiency is a very serious health problem. Most people tend to think of it only in terms of skeletal problems; however, it is much more than that. Vitamin D deficiency has now been linked with a multitude of neoplasms, autoimmune dysfunction, compromised innate immunity and neurodevelopment in utero. Vitamin D is made in huge amounts when we go into intense sun. A fair-skinned individual can produce approximately 20,000 IU in 10 minutes’ time with a total body exposure. A person with significant pigmentation will require up to 10 times the exposure to make an equivalent amount. In the winter at the latitude of Chicago, even a fair person cannot photo-produce vitamin D from mid-October through March. Thus, it is VERY important to have a realistic vitamin D recommendation as the current 200 IU/day recommendation is a joke
Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Indicative of Vitamin D Sufficiency: Implications for Establishing a New Effective Dietary Intake Recommendation for Vitamin D -- Hollis 135 (2): 317 -- Journal of Nutrition
Using these functional indicators, several studies have more accurately defined vitamin D deficiency as circulating levels of 25(OH)D ≤ 80 nmol or 32 µg/L. Recent studies reveal that current dietary recommendations for adults are not sufficient to maintain circulating 25(OH)D levels at or above this level, especially in pregnancy and lactation.
Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D.
Hollis BW.
J Nutr. 2005 Feb;135(2):317-22. Review.
PMID: 15671234 [
Vitamin D in the Spotlight; This critical nutrient builds bones, helps fight infection and may protect against some cancers. Do we get enough? - AccessMyLibrary - Promoting library advocacy
For many years, vitamin D was boring--even to doctors. Because it was considered good for bones and not much else, multitaskers like vitamin A, B vitamins and vitamin E hogged all the press. But recent studies have thrust this long-neglected nutrient into the spotlight. Scientists now think vitamin D may affect everything from diabetes to cancer. They're also finding that many people don't have enough of it.
Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. - J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Apr
Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Apr;22(2):142-6.
PMID: 12672710
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