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NephroPal: PPARs
"Summer vs Winter Mode: Explaining AMPK
Last year I read an article which made a statement that has not left my mind. The statement went as follows: "You are only good as your mitochondria." In fact, the more a dwell into the details of human metabolism, the more I sense that this is true - especially with the metabolic syndrome.
For those who are not familiar with the concept of mitochondria, they are the tiny energy factories within the cells that produce cellular energy through aerobic means (meaning oxygen). Mitochondria utilize oxygen to ultimately produce Adenosine Triphosphate or simply ATP. ATP relays energy by donating a phosphate bond resulting in Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP). Another phosphate release would entail Adenosine Monophosphate or AMP. ATP is one of the main sources of cellular energy in the body
n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms underlying beneficial effects -- Jung et al. 87 (6): 2003S -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms underlying beneficial effects.
Jung UJ, Torrejon C, Tighe AP, Deckelbaum RJ.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):2003S-9S.
PMID: 18541602
Dietary n–3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are important nutrients through the life cycle. Evidence from observational, clinical, animal, and in vitro studies indicates a beneficial role of n–3 fatty acids in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. Although the precise mechanisms are still unclear, clinical and preclinical studies indicate that the cardioprotective effects of n–3 fatty acids may be attributed to a number of distinct biological effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, blood pressure, platelet function, arterial cholesterol delivery, vascular function, and inflammatory responses.
Substantial evidence supports n–3 fatty acids as a practical, therapeutic adjuvant for promoting cardiovascular health and preventing and treating disease. n–3 Fatty acids modulate a number of important physiologic responses that can contribute to their cardioprotective effects. The multiple and complex mechanisms through which DHA and EPA exert their action appear to be distinct but also complementary. However, more studies are needed to quantify their protective effects and to define exact mechanisms of action.
Whole Health Source: Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance
"Susceptible strains of rodents fed high-fat diets overeat, gain fat and become profoundly insulin resistant. Dr. Jianping Ye's group recently published a paper showing that the harmful metabolic effects of a high-fat diet (lard and soybean oil) on mice can be prevented, and even reversed, using a short-chain saturated fatty acid called butyric acid (hereafter, butyrate).
The butyrate-fed mice remained lean and avoided metabolic problems. Butyrate increased their energy expenditure by increasing body heat production and modestly increasing physical activity. It also massively increased the function of their mitochondria, the tiny power plants of the cell."
Cooling Inflammation: Inflammation and Vitamin D Deficiency
"Let’s shine some sunlight on these knowledge deficiencies:
* Serum vitamin D levels have been dropping (as chronic inflammation has been increasing) over the last three decades -- has something changed in our diets?
* Vitamin D deficiencies occur globally (not restricted to Northern latitudes or winter) -- related to diet?
* Women are more vulnerable, because of cultural modesty in some countries, but males are still D-deficient.
* A subset of people exposed to ample sunshine are still D-deficient.
* Vitamin D deficient individuals also have elevated TNF.
* Vitamin D deficiency and inflammation are risk factors in the same diseases.
It seems that the simplest conclusion is that chronic inflammation leads to vitamin D deficiency, even though vitamin D deficiency may also contribute to inflammation."
Eggs modulate the inflammatory response to carbohydrate restricted diets in overweight men - Nutrition & Metabolism | Full text
Eggs modulate the inflammatory response to carbohydrate restricted diets in overweight men.
Ratliff JC, Mutungi G, Puglisi MJ, Volek JS, Fernandez ML.
Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Feb 20;5:6.
PMID: 18289377
Carbohydrate restricted diets (CRD) consistently lower glucose and insulin levels and improve atherogenic dyslipidemia [decreasing triglycerides and increasing HDL cholesterol (HDL-C)]. We have previously shown that male subjects following a CRD experienced significant increases in HDL-C only if they were consuming a higher intake of cholesterol provided by eggs compared to those individuals who were taking lower concentrations of dietary cholesterol. Here, as a follow up of our previous study, we examined the effects of eggs (a source of both dietary cholesterol and lutein) on adiponectin, a marker of insulin sensitivity, and on inflammatory markers in the context of a CRD.
Conclusion
A CRD with daily intake of eggs decreased plasma CRP and increased plasma adiponectin compared to a CRD without eggs. These findings indicate that eggs make a significant contribution to the anti-inflammatory effects of CRD, possibly due to the presence of cholesterol, which increases HDL-C and to the antioxidant lutein which modulates certain inflammatory responses
Dietary Cod Protein Reduces Plasma C-Reactive Protein in Insulin-Resistant Men and Women -- Ouellet et al. 138 (12): 2386 -- Journal of Nutrition
Dietary cod protein reduces plasma C-reactive protein in insulin-resistant men and women.
Ouellet V, Weisnagel SJ, Marois J, Bergeron J, Julien P, Gougeon R, Tchernof A, Holub BJ, Jacques H.
J Nutr. 2008 Dec;138(12):2386-91.
PMID: 19022962
Therefore, these results show that CP can lower hsCRP, a marker of inflammation associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men -- Risérus et al. 80 (2): 279 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men.
Riserus U, Vessby B, Arnlov J, Basu S.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):279-83.
PMID: 15277146
CONCLUSIONS: A CLA preparation containing the purified c9,t11 CLA isomer increased insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation compared with placebo in obese men. Because c9,t11 CLA occurs in commercial supplements as well as in the diet, the present results should be confirmed in larger studies that also include women.
Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial : The Lancet
Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial.
Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP, Gallagher PJ, Calder PC, Grimble RF.
Lancet. 2003 Feb 8;361(9356):477-85.
PMID: 12583947
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12468-3
Interpretation
Atherosclerotic plaques readily incorporate n-3 PUFAs from fish-oil supplementation, inducing changes that can enhance stability of atherosclerotic plaques. By contrast, increased consumption of n-6 PUFAs does not affect carotid plaque fatty-acid composition or stability over the time course studied here. Stability of plaques could explain reductions in non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events associated with increased n-3 PUFA intake
Omega-3 fatty acids enter plaque, resulting in increased stability and less inflammation - theheart.org
"June 21, 2006 | Michael O'Riordan
Rome, Italy - One of the possible ways in which long-chain omega-3 fatty acids play a role in decreasing cardiovascular events is by entering advanced atherosclerotic plaques. According to the results of a new study, investigators were able to show that the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into advanced plaque was associated with a decreased expression of various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in causing plaque instability, as well as with decreased plaque inflammation.
These are results of the Omacor Carotid Endarterectomy Intervention (OCEAN) study, presented here this week at the International Symposium on Atherosclerosis by Dr Philip Calder (University of Southampton, UK).
"By increasing the availability of omega-3 fatty acids, they appear in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, indicated in this study by the carotid artery, and this results in lower numbers of macrophages, foam cells, and T cells, as well as the lower expression of inflammatory markers," said Calder. "Histologically, this results in a plaque that appears to be less inflamed and more stable. This may contribute to reduced mortality in patients consuming omega-3 fatty acids, for example, in the GISSI Prevenzione trial.""
Cooling Inflammation
A nutrition blog by Dr. Ayers
Inflammation is the foundation for cancer and
degenerative/autoimmune diseases. Small changes in diet and exercise, e.g. omega-3 oils, vitamin D, low starch, plant antioxidants, and maintaining muscle mass, can dramatically alter predisposition to disease and aging, and minimize the negative impact of genetic risks. Based on my experience in biological research, I am trying to explain how the anti-inflammatory diet and lifestyle combat disease.
Anti-Inflammatory Diet
All health care starts with diet. Here are my recommendations for a basic Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Lifestyle.
There are over 140 articles on diet, inflammation and disease here, and more articles by Dr. Ayers on Suite101 .
Special Issue: Themed Section: Mediators and Receptors in the Resolution of Inflammation: Guest Editor: AG Stewart - Wiley InterScience :: JOURNALS :: British Journal of Pharmacology
"British Journal of Pharmacology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume 158 Issue 4 , Pages 933 - 1172 (October 2009)
Special Issue: Themed Section: Mediators and Receptors in the Resolution of Inflammation: Guest Editor: AG Stewart"
Mediators and receptors in the resolution of inflammation: drug targeting opportunities. - Wiley InterScience :: Article :: HTML Full Text
Mediators and receptors in the resolution of inflammation: drug targeting opportunities.
Stewart AG.
Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;158(4):933-5.
PMID: 19845683
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00484.x
The active resolution of inflammation is recognized as offering new opportunities to generate novel anti-inflammatory agents. The emerging appreciation of the importance of active resolution in regulation of inflammation also creates an imperative to examine developing and existing agents for their potential to influence these pathways. This themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology contains papers that discuss the roles of annexin-1, lipoxins and related lipid products of fish oils as well as other mechanisms involved in active resolution and their receptor targets.
This article is part of a themed issue on Mediators and Receptors in the Resolution of Inflammation. To view this issue visit http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
Why fish oils help and how they could help even more
"New research from Queen Mary, University of London and Harvard Medical School has revealed precisely why taking fish oils can help with conditions like rheumatoid arthritis."
VITAMIN D LOWERS C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)
VITAMIN D LOWERS C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)
Van den Berghe and colleagues at the University of Leuven in Belgium appear to be the first to show that simple, natural and cheap vitamin D (cholecalciferol) lowers CRP in critically ill patients. Even small amounts of cholecalciferol (500 IU) lowered CRP by more than 25% in a small group of critically ill patients. Another marker of inflammation (IL-6) was reduced even more. The researchers also found that critically ill patients were profoundly deficient in vitamin D.
Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated with longer leukocyte telomere length in women -- Richards et al. 86 (5): 1420 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated with longer leukocyte telomere length in women.
Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector TD, Aviv A.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;86(5):1420-5.
PMID: 17991655
Cancer, inflammation and the AT1 and AT2 receptors - Journal of Inflammation | Full text
Cancer, inflammation and the AT1 and AT2 receptors.
Smith GR, Missailidis S.
J Inflamm (Lond). 2004 Sep 30;1(1):3.
PMID: 15813980
Cancer Issue: Why Cancer and Inflammation?
Why cancer and inflammation?
Rakoff-Nahoum S.
Yale J Biol Med. 2006 Dec;79(3-4):123-30. Review.
PMID: 17940622
An inverse relationship between plasma n-3 fatty acids and C-reactive protein in healthy individuals - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition - Abstract of article
An inverse relationship between plasma n-3 fatty acids and C-reactive protein in healthy individuals
M A Micallef, I A Munro and M L Garg
Eur J Clin Nutr 63: 1154-1156; advance online publication, April 8, 2009; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.20
Putting cardiovascular disease and vitamin D insufficiency into perspective
Vitamin D and disease prevention with special reference to cardiovascular disease.
Zittermann A.
Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006 Sep;92(1):39-48. Epub 2006 Feb 28. Review.
PMID: 1660034
The Heart Scan Blog: Vitamin D and inflammation
A German group has now shown that the important inflammatory marker, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), is also reduced by vitamin D supplementation. Many studies have implicated increased TNF levels in promoting cancer.
In this study, a modest vitamin D dose of 3320 units (83 micrograms) was given vs. placebo. The 25-hydroxy D level reached in the treated group was 34.2 ng/ml (85.5 nmol/L), which resulted in a 26.5% reduction in TNF compared with 18.7% reduction (?) in the placebo group.
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