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[Vitamin K2]
Ishida Y.
Clin Calcium. 2008 Oct;18(10):1476-82. Review. Japanese.
PMID: 18830045

"Vitamin K2 has been approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in Japan since 1995. Vitamin K2 treatment in osteoporosis has been shown to inhibit the occurrence of new bone fractures and to maintain BMD. The uniqueness of the prevention of bone fractures by vitamin K2 is that there has been no direct evidence of the relationship between increase of BMD and a decrease in the occurrence of bone fractures. A recent systematic review of seven Japanese randomized controlled trials by Cockayne has also shown that supplementation with phytonadione (Vitamin K1) and menaquinone (Vitamin K2) , particularly menaquinone-4, is associated with increased BMD and reduced fracture incidence. To confirm these results, a larger well design RCT using fractures as the primary endpoint is clearly needed."

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...18830045 - Preview

2008 October study review humans Japanese vitamin_K vitamin_K2 nutrition osteoporosis bone BMD MK-4 menaquinone medline fractures fracture

Benefits of Vitamin D Supplementation
Joel M. Kauffman, Ph.D.
Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons
Volume 14 Number 2 - Summer 2009

Clinical trials show that vitamin D supplementation at higher
levels than previously recommended is beneficial for many
conditions. It decreases the frequency of falls and fractures, helps
prevent cardiovascular disease, and reduces symptoms of colds or
influenza. Benefits are also seen in diabetes mellitus, multiple
sclerosis, Crohn disease, pain, depression, and possibly autism.
Sunlight does not cause an overdose of vitamin D production,
and toxicity from supplementation is rare. Dose recommendations
are increasing, but appear to be lagging the favorable trial results. A
number of common drugs deplete vitamin D levels, and others may
limit its biosynthesis from sunlight.
People with adequate levels from sun exposure will not benefit
from supplementation. While dietary intake is helpful,
supplementation is better able to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ,
the major circulating metabolite, to the level now thought adequate,
30-50 ng/mL.
Where there is inadequate daily sun exposure, oral doses of
1,000-2,000 IU/d are now considered routine, with much higher
doses (up to 50,000 IU) for rapid repletion now considered safe.

www.jpands.org/...kauffman.pdf - Preview

2009 June jpands study review humans vitamin_D supplementation benefits nutrition biosynthesis mortality falls osteoporosis bone fracture cancer prevention CVD influenza flu common_cold autoimmune diseases deficiency prevalence pain SAD depression autism

African Americans, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and osteoporosis: a paradox.
Aloia JF.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;88(2):545S-550S. Review.
PMID: 18689399

African Americans have lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and a lower risk of fragility fractures than do other populations. I review the evidence on factors other than vitamin D that might explain this paradox and the calcium economy in different life stages.

www.ajcn.org/...545S - Preview

2008 August ajcn study review Aloia African Americans black humans 25ohd calcidiol vitamin_D status osteoporosis bone health paradox fractures nutrition fracture risk medline blacks African_Americans skin color

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients after supplementation with ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol.
Glendenning P, Chew GT, Seymour HM, Gillett MJ, Goldswain PR, Inderjeeth CA, Vasikaran SD, Taranto M, Musk AA, Fraser WD.
Bone. 2009 Nov;45(5):870-5. Epub 2009 Jul 23.
PMID: 19631774
doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.015

Cholecalciferol supplementation resulted in a 31% greater increase in total HPLC-measured 25OHD (p=0.010) and 52% greater rise in RIA-measured 25OHD (p<0.001) than supplementation with an equivalent dose of ergocalciferol. Changes in iPTH and wPTH were not significantly different between calciferol treatments (p>0.05). In vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients, supplementation with cholecalciferol 1000 IU/day for three months was more effective in increasing serum 25OHD than an equivalent dose of ergocalciferol. However, the lack of difference in PTH lowering between calciferol treatments raises questions about the biological importance of this observation.

www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/...abstract - Preview

2009 November Bone study research clinical_trial rct humans patients hip fracture hip_fracture vitamin_D insufficiency deficiency vitamin_D2 vitamin_D3 supplementation 25ohd nutrition fractures PTH medline serum

Severe vitamin D deficiency in Swiss hip fracture patients.
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Can U, Staehelin HB, Platz A, Henschkowski J, Michel BA, Dawson-Hughes B, Theiler R.
Bone. 2008 Mar;42(3):597-602. Epub 2007 Nov 28.
PMID: 18180211

BACKGROUND: Most clinical guidelines for the prevention of hip fractures recommend 800 IU vitamin D per day. This dose shifted serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25(OH)D) in previous studies to between 60 and 100 nmol/l. AIM: To measure 25(OH)D levels and prevalence of vitamin D supplementation in individuals age 65+ with acute hip fracture. METHODS: 222 consecutive hip fracture patients were investigated over a 12 month period. Mean age of patients was 86 years and 77% were women. RESULTS: Mean serum 25(OH)D levels were low among hip fracture patients admitted from home (34.6 nmol/l), from assisted living (27.7 nmol/l), and from nursing homes (24 nmol/l). Severe vitamin D deficiency below 30 nmol/l was present in 60%, 80% were below 50 nmol/l, and less than 4% reached desirable levels of at least 75 nmol/l. Consistently, only 10% of hip fracture patients had any vitamin D supplementation on admission to acute care with significantly higher 25(OH)D levels among individuals supplemented with 800-880 IU/day (63.5 nmol/l). Controlling for age and gender, vitamin D supplementation, type of dwelling, and season were independently and significantly associated with 25(OH)D levels. CONCLUSION: These data provide evidence that current guidelines for the prevention of hip fractures need further effort to be translated into clinical practice.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...18180211 - Preview

2008 March study research epidemiological humans patients elderly old older acute hip fracture hip_fracture fractures vitamin_D deficiency 25ohd severe nutrition Bischoff-Ferrari medline Swiss Switzerland

Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial.
Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT.
BMJ. 2003 Mar 1;326(7387):469.
PMID: 12609940

Conclusion: Four monthly supplementation with 100 000 IU oral vitamin D may prevent fractures without adverse effects in men and women living in the general community.

www.bmj.com/...469 - Preview

2003 March BMJ study research clinical_trial rct elderly old older humans vitamin_D supplementation oral fractures fracture prevention mortality nutrition medline four monthly

Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis.
Avenell A, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, O'Connell D.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD000227. Review.
PMID: 19370554
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000227.pub3

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Frail older people confined to institutions may sustain fewer hip fractures if given vitamin D with calcium. Vitamin D alone is unlikely to prevent fracture. Overall there is a small but significant increase in gastrointestinal symptoms and renal disease associated with vitamin D or its analogues. Calcitriol is associated with an increased incidence of hypercalcaemia.

mrw.interscience.wiley.com/...frame.html - Preview

2009 April Cochrane Database study systematic review vitamin_D bone fracture fractures prevention involutional post-menopausal osteoporosis adverse effects nutrition medline

Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Cockayne S, Adamson J, Lanham-New S, Shearer MJ, Gilbody S, Torgerson DJ.
Arch Intern Med. 2006 Jun 26;166(12):1256-61. Review.
PMID: 16801507

Conclusions This systematic review suggests that supplementation with phytonadione and menaquinone-4 reduces bone loss. In the case of the latter, there is a strong effect on incident fractures among Japanese patients.

archinte.ama-assn.org/...1256 - Preview

2006 June archinte study review humans systematic meta-analysis clinical_trials rcts vitamin_K vitamin_K1 vitamin_K2 bone fractures fracture prevention supplementation nutrition MK-4 vitamin_K3 medline phytonadione menaquinone-4 osteoporosis

Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women.
Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ.
N Engl J Med. 1992 Dec 3;327(23):1637-42.
PMID: 1331788

CONCLUSIONS. Supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium reduces the risk of hip fractures and other nonvertebral fractures among elderly women.

content.nejm.org/...1637 - Preview

1992 December NEJM study research clinical_trial rct humans elderly women vitamin_D vitamin_D3 calcium supplementation hip fractures fracture bone prevention nutrition osteoporosis old older Chapuy nonvertebral medline

Half of the patients with an acute hip fracture suffer from hypovitaminosis D: a prospective study in southeastern Finland.
Nurmi I, Kaukonen JP, Lüthje P, Naboulsi H, Tanninen S, Kataja M, Kallio ML, Leppilampi M.
Osteoporos Int. 2005 Dec;16(12):2018-24. Epub 2005 Aug 24.
PMID: 16133642

Half of the patients with a hip fracture suffered from hypovitaminosis D. The situation was worst in institutional and residential care, although there are personnel for taking care of vitamin D supplementation. In the late summer, one-third and in late winter two-thirds of the patients suffered from hypovitaminosis D. The geographical location of Finland indicates extensive efforts to increase the use of vitamin D supplements among elderly.

www.springerlink.com/...n673170367372365 - Preview

2005 December study research epidemiological humans patients Finnish Finland acute hip fracture fractures vitamin_D hypovitaminosis_D deficiency prevalence 25ohd nutrition medline

Reducing fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D.
Lips P, Bouillon R, van Schoor NM, Vanderschueren D, Verschueren S, Kuchuk N, Milisen K, Boonen S.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19744099
DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-0664.2009.03701.x

www3.interscience.wiley.com/...abstract - Preview

2009 September study review humans fracture fractures risk reduction prevention bone osteoporosis vitamin_D calcium supplementation Lips nutrition medline

Vitamin K supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ECKO trial): a randomized controlled trial.
Cheung AM, Tile L, Lee Y, Tomlinson G, Hawker G, Scher J, Hu H, Vieth R, Thompson L, Jamal S, Josse R.
PLoS Med. 2008 Oct 14;5(10):e196. Erratum in: PLoS Med. 2008 Dec;5(12):e247.
PMID: 18922041

CONCLUSIONS: Daily 5 mg of vitamin K1 supplementation for 2 to 4 y does not protect against age-related decline in BMD, but may protect against fractures and cancers in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. More studies are needed to further examine the effect of vitamin K on fractures and cancers. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (#NCT00150969) and Current Controlled Trials (#ISRCTN61708241)

www.plosmedicine.org/...10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050196 - Preview

2008 October PLoS Med study research clinical_trial rct humans postmenopausal women patients osteopenia vitamin_K vitamin_K1 supplementation nutrition fracture fractures bone Vieth cancer medline

Welch AA, Bingham SA, Reeve J, Khaw KT. More acidic dietary acid-base load is associated with reduced calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in women but not in men: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1134-41.

www.ajcn.org/...1134 - Preview

2007 April ajcn acid acid-base acid_base acidosis alkaline base balance load EPIC diet dietary bone medline nutrition study research osteoporosis fracture risk potential renal PRAL

Kerstetter JE, O'Brien KO, Insogna KL.
Low protein intake: the impact on calcium and bone homeostasis in humans.
J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):855S-861S. Review.
PMID: 12612169

jn.nutrition.org/...855S - Preview

2003 March jn study review dietary protein urinary calcium absorption parathyroid hormone PTH bone Low Intake acid acid-base acidosis acid_base osteoporosis nutrition medline bmd fracture fractures homeostasis

Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women.
Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ.
N Engl J Med. 1992 Dec 3;327(23):1637-42.
PMID: 1331788

CONCLUSIONS. Supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium reduces the risk of hip fractures and other nonvertebral fractures among elderly women.

content.nejm.org/...1637 - Preview

1992 December NEJM study research clinical_trial rct humans women elderly old older vitamin_D vitamin_D3 calcium supplementation hip fractures fracture prevention bone osteoporosis nutrition medline Chapuy nonvertebral

Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B.
JAMA. 2005 May 11;293(18):2257-64. Review.
PMID: 15886381

Conclusions Oral vitamin D supplementation between 700 to 800 IU/d appears to reduce the risk of hip and any nonvertebral fractures in ambulatory or institutionalized elderly persons. An oral vitamin D dose of 400 IU/d is not sufficient for fracture prevention.

jama.ama-assn.org/...2257 - Preview

2005 May JAMA study review systematic meta-analysis humans clinical_trials rcts Bischoff-Ferrari Willett Giovannucci vitamin_D nonvertebral fracture prevention fractures hip bone osteoporosis nutrition medline elderly old older

Annual injection of vitamin D and fractures of aged bones.
Heikinheimo RJ, Inkovaara JA, Harju EJ, Haavisto MV, Kaarela RH, Kataja JM, Kokko AM, Kolho LA, Rajala SA.
Calcif Tissue Int. 1992 Aug;51(2):105-10.
PMID: 1422948

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...1422948 - Preview

1992 August study research clinical_trial humans vitamin_D vitamin_D2 supplementation annual intramuscular injection im i.m. dosing dosage Heikinheimo Finland aged elderly old older fracture fractures

Comparison of daily, weekly, and monthly vitamin D3 in ethanol dosing protocols for two months in elderly hip fracture patients.
Ish-Shalom S, Segal E, Salganik T, Raz B, Bromberg IL, Vieth R.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3430-5. Epub 2008 Jun 10.
PMID: 18544622
doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0241

CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with vitamin D can be achieved equally well with daily, weekly, or monthly dosing frequencies. Therefore, the choice of dose frequency can be based on whichever approach will optimize an individual's adherence with long-term vitamin D supplementation.

jcem.endojournals.org/...3430 - Preview

2008 September study research clinical_trial rct humans elderly hip fracture patients old vitamin_D older dosing dosage supplementation daily weekly monthly Vieth nutrition 25ohd medline

Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial.
Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT.
BMJ. 2003 Mar 1;326(7387):469.
PMID: 12609940

CONCLUSION: Four monthly supplementation with 100 000 IU oral vitamin D may prevent fractures without adverse effects in men and women living in the general community.

www.bmj.com/...469 - Preview

2003 March BMJ study clinical_trial rct humans viatmin_D supplementation oral fracture fractures bone prevention osteoporosis nutrition medline

Protective Effect of Total Carotenoid and Lycopene Intake on the Risk of Hip Fracture: A 17-Year Follow-Up From the Framingham Osteoporosis Study.
Sahni S, Hannan MT, Blumberg J, Cupples LA, Kiel DP, Tucker KL.
J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19138129
DOI: 2009:10.1359/jbmr

www.jbmronline.org/...jbmr.090102 - Preview

2009 January study research epidemiological humans carotenoids lycopene intake bone resorption hip fracture fractures hip_fracture risk osteoporosis non-vertebral_fracture non-vertebral nutrition medline bone-health health bone_resorption