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The bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified cheeses and supplements is equivalent in adults.
Wagner D, Sidhom G, Whiting SJ, Rousseau D, Vieth R.
J Nutr. 2008 Jul;138(7):1365-71.
PMID: 18567762

Compared with baseline, serum parathyroid hormone decreased with both fortification (P = 0.003) and supplementation (P = 0.012). These data demonstrate that vitamin D is equally bioavailable from fortified hard cheeses and supplements, making cheese suitable for vitamin D fortification

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2008 July jn study research clinical_trial rct humans vitamin_D supplementation supplements vs. versus fortified cheddar cheese fortification comparison absorption nutrition Vieth Wagner bioavailability 25ohd status medline

Bread fortified with cholecalciferol increases the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in women as effectively as a cholecalciferol supplement.
Natri AM, Salo P, Vikstedt T, Palssa A, Huttunen M, Kärkkäinen MU, Salovaara H, Piironen V, Jakobsen J, Lamberg-Allardt CJ.
J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1):123-7.
PMID: 16365070

Both fortified breads increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration as effectively as the cholecalciferol supplement. Supplementation or fortification did not affect serum intact parathyroid hormone concentration or urinary calcium excretion. In conclusion, fortified bread is a safe and feasible way to improve vitamin D nutrition.

jn.nutrition.org/...123 - Preview

2006 January jn study research clinical_trial rct humans women vitamin_D vitamin_D3 fortified bread fortification bioavailability absorption status 25ohd supplement supplements nutrition comparison Lamberg-Allardt medline

Estimation and fortification of vitamin D3 in pasteurized process cheese.
Upreti P, Mistry VV, Warthesen JJ.
J Dairy Sci. 2002 Dec;85(12):3173-81.
PMID: 12512590


The objective of this study was to develop methods for the estimation and fortification of vitamin D3 in pasteurized Process cheese. Vitamin D3 was estimated using alkaline saponification at 70°C for 30 min, followed by extraction with petroleum ether:diethyl ether (90:10 vol/vol) and HPLC. The retention time for vitamin D3 was approximately 9 min. A standard curve with a correlation coefficient of 0.972 was prepared for quantification of vitamin D3 in unknown samples. In the second phase of the study, pasteurized Process cheeses fortified with commercial water- or fat-dispersible forms of vitamin D3 at a level of 100 IU per serving (28 g) were manufactured. There was no loss of vitamin D3 during Process cheese manufacture, and the vitamin was uniformly distributed. No losses of the vitamin occurred during storage of the fortified cheeses over a 9-mo period at 21 to 29°C and 4 to 6°C. There was an approximately 25 to 30% loss of the vitamin when cheeses were heated for 5 min in an oven maintained at 232°C. Added vitamin D3 did not impart any off flavors to the Process cheeses as determined by sensory analysis. There were no differences between the water- and fat-dispersible forms of the vitamin in the parameters measured in fortified cheeses

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2002 December jds study research in_vitro process cheese vitamin_D vitamin_D3 fortification fortified loss heating cooking lost nutrition medline

Vitamin D fortification as public health policy: significant improvement in vitamin D status in young Finnish men.
Laaksi IT, Ruohola JP, Ylikomi TJ, Auvinen A, Haataja RI, Pihlajamäki HK, Tuohimaa PJ.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;60(8):1035-8. Epub 2006 Feb 15.
PMID: 16482069

www.nature.com/...1602414a.html - Preview

2006 August ejcn study researc epidemiological young Finnish men Finland Tuohimaa Laaksi vitamin_D fortification 25ohd status improvement insufficiency deficiency nutrition winter wintertime milk medline

Strategies to improve vitamin D status in northern European children: exploring the merits of vitamin D fortification and supplementation.
Tylavsky FA, Cheng S, Lyytikäinen A, Viljakainen H, Lamberg-Allardt C.
J Nutr. 2006 Apr;136(4):1130-4.
PMID: 16549494

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2006 April jn study research strategies improve vitamin_D status northern European children Europe fortification supplementation Viljakainen Lamberg-Allardt nutrition adolescents 25ohd Optiford serum medline

Development of a model for optimal food fortification: vitamin D among adults in Finland.
Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Valsta L, Hannila ML, Pietinen P.
Eur J Nutr. 2007 Aug;46(5):264-70. Epub 2007 May 18.
PMID: 17514377

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2007 August ejn study research development model optimal food fortification vitamin_D adults Finland nutrition medline

Vitamin D and living in northern latitudes--an endemic risk area for vitamin D deficiency.
Huotari A, Herzig KH.
Int J Circumpolar Health. 2008 Jun;67(2-3):164-78. Review.
PMID: 18767337

CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D plays a fundamental role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. A deficiency of vitamin D has been attributed to several diseases. Since its production in the skin depends on exposure to UVB-radiation via the sunlight, the level of vitamin D is of crucial importance for the health of inhabitants who live in the Nordic latitudes where there is diminished exposure to sunlight during the winter season. Therefore, fortification or supplementation of vitamin D is necessary for most of the people living in the northern latitudes during the winter season to maintain adequate levels of circulating 25(OH)D3 to maintain optimal body function and prevent diseases.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...18767337 - Preview

2008 June study review humans vitamin_D living northern latitudes north latitude Huotari risk deficiency Nordic winter season fortification supplementation nutrition medline

An outbreak of hypervitaminosis D associated with the overfortification of milk from a home-delivery dairy.
Blank S, Scanlon KS, Sinks TH, Lett S, Falk H.
Am J Public Health. 1995 May;85(5):656-9.
PMID: 7733425

www.ajph.org/...656 - Preview

1995 May study research epidemiological humans vitamin_D hypervitaminosis_D poisoning intoxication toxicity safety overfortification fortification fortified milk home-delivery dairy nutrition medline

Vitamin D fortification of milk products does not resolve hypovitaminosis D in young Finnish men.
Välimäki VV, Löyttyniemi E, Välimäki MJ.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;61(4):493-7. Epub 2006 Nov 29.
PMID: 17136043
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602550

www.nature.com/...1602550a.html - Preview

2007 April ejcn bone mass young men milk fortification insufficiency deficiency status medline peer-reviewed nutrition medicine science research study osteoporosis hypovitaminosis 25ohd calcidiol finnish Finland vitamin_D Välimäki

Egg fortification with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): nutritional benefits versus high n-6 PUFA western diets, and consumer acceptance.
Shapira N, Weill P, Loewenbach R.
Isr Med Assoc J. 2008 Apr;10(4):262-5.
PMID: 18548978 Egg fortification with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): nutritional benefits versus high n-6 PUFA western diets, and consumer acceptance.
Shapira N, Weill P, Loewenbach R.
Isr Med Assoc J. 2008 Apr;10(4):262-5.
PMID: 18548978

CONCLUSIONS: Effective concentration and transformation of supplemental n-3 PUFA/LCPUFA from feed to egg substantially enhanced egg n-3 PUFA %DRI, particularly of DHA, critical for health but often deficient. Such land-based n-3 PUFA/LCPUFA fortification may be applicable to high n-6 PUFA diets, fitting within cholesterol limitations and market criteria. It may contribute to general health and specific requirements (i.e., pregnancy and lactation), with possibilities of wide accessibility and standardization.

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2008 April study research in_vivo egg fortification omega-3 enriched fortified omega-3-eggs eggs feed supplementation flaxseed linseed nutrition medline DHA content

Long-term effects of giving nursing home residents bread fortified with 125 microg (5000 IU) vitamin D(3) per daily serving.
Mocanu V, Stitt PA, Costan AR, Voroniuc O, Zbranca E, Luca V, Vieth R.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Apr;89(4):1132-7. Epub 2009 Feb 25.
PMID: 19244376
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26890

www.ajcn.org/...1132 - Preview

2009 April ajcn clinical_trial humans elderly older old vitamin D vitamin_D supplementation bread fortification food 25ohd calcidiol vitamin_D3 safety high-dose nutrition medline 5000IU Vieth long-term calcium BMD bone health bone_health

Blank S, Scanlon KS, Sinks TH, Lett S, Falk H.
An outbreak of hypervitaminosis D associated with the overfortification of milk from a home-delivery dairy.
Am J Public Health. 1995 May;85(5):656-9.
PMID: 7733425 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi - Preview

hypervitaminosis D overfortification fortification fortified milk poisoning toxication toxicity toxic nutrition medicine medline science study peer-reviewed imported delicious vitamin_D vitamin D3 hypervitaminosis_D hypervitaminosis D

Kelly, P., McPartlin, J., Goggins, M., Weir, D. G. & Scott, J. M.
Unmetabolised folic acid in serum: acute studies in subjects consuming fortified food and supplements.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 651790-1795 (1997).

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...query.fcgi - Preview

folic acid Unmetabolised serum supplement supplements fortification food fortified nutrition medline medicine study research science peer-reviewed imported delicious folic_acid clinical_trial