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Clinical Implications of JUPITER (Justification for the Use of statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) in a U.S. Population
Insights From the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study
Yang EY et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009; 54:2388-2395,
doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.006

Conclusions: ARIC participants with elevated hs-CRP and low LDL-C had a CVD event rate of 1.57% per year over 6.9 years, similar to the CVD event rate noted in the JUPITER study placebo group (1.36% per year over 1.9 years). The association of hs-CRP ≥2.0 mg/l with increased CVD risk and mortality regardless of LDL-C provides us a simple method of using age and hs-CRP level for identifying higher risk individuals. (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study; NCT00005131)

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2009 December jacc study research epidemiological humans patients CVD CHD hs-CRP CRP high_CRP LDL low:LDL normal_LDL risk mortality JUPITER ARIC nutrition onlinejacc lipids inflammation

Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Seddon JM, George S, Rosner B.
Arch Ophthalmol. 2006 Jul;124(7):995-1001.
PMID: 16832023

Conclusions This study of twins provides further evidence that cigarette smoking increases risk while fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acid intake reduce risk of AMD

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2006 July archopht study research epidemiological humans elderly twins smoking fish consumption omega-3 intake Age-Related Macular Degeneration Macular_Degeneration AMD nutrition risk eye eyes eyesight vision retina macula ARMD medline

Low vitamin D serum level is related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to IFN-based therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C
Salvatore Petta et al.
Hepatology, Volume 9999 Issue 999A, Page NA. Published Online: 4 Dec 2009
DOI: 10.1002/hep.23489

Conclusions:
G1 CHC patients had low 25(OH)D serum levels, possibly due to reduced CYP27A1 expression. Low vitamin D is linked to severe fibrosis and low SVR on IFN-based therapy. (HEPATOLOGY 2010.)

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2009 December Hepatology study research epidemiological humans patients chronic hepatitis_C genotype_1 IFN therapy vitamin_D 25ohd low_levels deficiency CYP27A1 fibrosis nutrition

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of ovarian cancer.
Toriola AT, Surcel HM, Agborsangaya C, Grankvist K, Tuohimaa P, Toniolo P, Lukanova A, Pukkala E, Lehtinen M.
Eur J Cancer. 2009 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19713101
doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2009.08.002

Conclusion
Overall, we did not observe a significant association between serum 25-OHD concentrations and the risk of ovarian cancer. However, we found evidence suggestive of an increased risk among women with low to insufficient serum 25-OHD concentrations.

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2009 August study researc epidemiological humans women Finnish Finland vitamin_D 25ohd calcidiol ovarian cancer ovarian_cancer risk nutrition medline Tuohimaa

Vitamin D and prostate cancer.
Tuohimaa P, Lyakhovich A, Aksenov N, Pennanen P, Syvälä H, Lou YR, Ahonen M, Hasan T, Pasanen P, Bläuer M, Manninen T, Miettinen S, Vilja P, Ylikomi T.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Jan-Mar;76(1-5):125-34.
PMID: 11384870
doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00141-2

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2001 January study research epidemiological humans middle-aged men Tuohimaa Ahonen Ylikomi vitamin_D prostate cancer prostate_cancer PCa 25ohd nutrition medline

Lack of association between serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men.
Faupel-Badger JM, Diaw L, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Woodson K, Tangrea JA.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Dec;16(12):2784-6.
PMID: 18086789
doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0672

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2007 December cebp Faupel-Badger study research epidemiological humans Finnish SETTI ATBC vitamin_D 25ohd prostate cancer prostate_cancer PCa risk U-shaped nutrition U-shape Finland Nordic medline

Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I.
Iso H, Kobayashi M, Ishihara J, Sasaki S, Okada K, Kita Y, Kokubo Y, Tsugane S; JPHC Study Group.
Circulation. 2006 Jan 17;113(2):195-202. Epub 2006 Jan 9.
PMID: 16401768
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.581355

Conclusions— Compared with a modest fish intake of once a week or &20 g/d, a higher intake was associated with substantially reduced risk of coronary heart disease, primarily nonfatal cardiac events, among middle-aged persons.

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2006 January Circulation study research JPHC epidemiological middle-aged Japanese Japan fish omega-3 consumption intake CVD CHD CHD_risk MI nutritionr myocardial_infaction risk humans myocardial infaction

Fish oil-derived fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, and the risk of acute coronary events: the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study.
Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssönen K, Lakka TA, Salonen JT.
Circulation. 2000 Nov 28;102(22):2677-9.
PMID: 11094031

Methods and Results—We studied this association in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, a prospective population study in Eastern Finland. Subjects were randomly selected and included 1871 men aged 42 to 60 years who had no clinical coronary heart disease at baseline examination. A total of 194 men had a fatal or nonfatal acute coronary event during follow-up. In a Cox proportional hazards’ model adjusting for other risk factors, men in the highest fifth of the proportion of serum DHA+DPA in all fatty acids had a 44% reduced risk (P=0.014) of acute coronary events compared with men in the lowest fifth. Men in the highest fifth of DHA+DPA who had a low hair content of mercury (<=2.0 µg/g) had a 67% reduced risk (P=0.016) of acute coronary events compared with men in the lowest fifth who had a high hair content of mercury (>2.0 µg/g). There was no association between proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid and the risk of acute coronary events.

Conclusions—Our data provide further confirmation for the concept that fish oil–derived fatty acids reduce the risk of acute coronary events. However, a high mercury content in fish could attenuate this protective effect.

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2000 November Circulation study research epidemiological humans Finland Kuopio CVD CHD omega-3 DHA DPA mercury nutrition MI myocardial_infarction medline risk myocardial infarction acute coronary events fish

Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation.
Mozaffarian D, Psaty BM, Rimm EB, Lemaitre RN, Burke GL, Lyles MF, Lefkowitz D, Siscovick DS.
Circulation. 2004 Jul 27;110(4):368-73. Epub 2004 Jul 19.
PMID: 15262826
doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000138154.00779.A5

Conclusions— Among elderly adults, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish, but not fried fish or fish sandwiches, is associated with lower incidence of AF. Fish intake may influence risk of this common cardiac arrhythmia.

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2004 July Circulation study research epidemiological humans elderly old older fish consumption atrial fibrillation atrial_fibrillation AF CVD nutrition cardiac arrhythmia aging broiled baked fried medline Mozaffarian cooking_method cooking method

Cardiac benefits of fish consumption may depend on the type of fish meal consumed: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
Mozaffarian D, Lemaitre RN, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Tracy RP, Siscovick DS; Cardiovascular Health Study.
Circulation. 2003 Mar 18;107(10):1372-7.
PMID: 12642356
doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000055315.79177.16

Conclusions— Among adults aged >=65 years, modest consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish, but not fried fish or fish sandwiches, is associated with lower risk of IHD death, especially arrhythmic IHD death. Cardiac benefits of fish consumption may vary depending on the type of fish meal consumed.

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2003 March Circulation study research epidemiological humans elderly old oldwer fish consumption cardiac benefits omega-3 broiled baked fried nutrition CVD CHD IHD arrhythmia Mozaffarian cooking method cooking_method type meal medline

Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease.
Erkkilä AT, Lichtenstein AH, Mozaffarian D, Herrington DM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):626-32.
PMID: 15321802

Conclusions: Consumption of fish is associated with a significantly reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in women with coronary artery disease.

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2004 September ajcn study research epidemiological humans postmenopausal women patients fish consumption reduced progression CVD CHD atherosclerosis omega-3 nutrition diabetes angiography Erkkilä Mozaffarian medline

Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction.
Daviglus ML, Stamler J, Orencia AJ, Dyer AR, Liu K, Greenland P, Walsh MK, Morris D, Shekelle RB.
N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 10;336(15):1046-53.
PMID: 9091800

Conclusions These data show an inverse association between fish consumption and death from coronary heart disease, especially nonsudden death from myocardial infarction.

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1997 April NEJM study research epidemiological humans fish consumption 30-year risk fatal myocardial infarction MI CVD CHD nutrition medlin myocardial_infarction mortality

Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction.
Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van't Veer P, Bode P, Aro A, Gómez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Riemersma RA, Martín-Moreno JM, Kok FJ; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group.
N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1747-54.
PMID: 12456850

Conclusions The toenail mercury level was directly associated with the risk of myocardial infarction, and the adipose-tissue DHA level was inversely associated with the risk. High mercury content may diminish the cardioprotective effect of fish intake.

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2002 November NEJM study research epidemiological humans mercury fish oils omega-3 DHA CVD CHD myocardial infarction MI risk nutrition toenail adipose-tissue medline myocardial_infarction

Mercury and the risk of coronary heart disease in men.
Yoshizawa K, Rimm EB, Morris JS, Spate VL, Hsieh CC, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC.
N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1755-60.
PMID: 12456851

Conclusions Our findings do not support an association between total mercury exposure and the risk of coronary heart disease, but a weak relation cannot be ruled out.

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2002 November NEJM Stampfer Willett study research epidemiological humans men mercury CVD CHD risk CHD_risk nutrition medline

Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland.
Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP, Korhonen MJ, Valkonen VP, Seppänen K, Laukkanen JA, Salonen JT.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jan;25(1):228-33. Epub 2004 Nov 11.
PMID: 15539625
doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000150040.20950.61

Conclusions— High content of mercury in hair may be a risk factor for acute coronary events and CVD, CHD, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged eastern Finnish men. Mercury may also attenuate the protective effects of fish on cardiovascular health.

Mercury may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, high mercury content in hair increased the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in middle-aged Finnish men and attenuated the beneficial effects of fish oils on cardiovascular health. Regular consumption of fish with high mercury content should be avoided.

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2005 January atvb Virtanen study research epidemiological humans Finnish men mercury fish oils all-cause mortality omega-3 DHA nutrition acute coronary events risk middle-aged medline

High dietary methionine intake increases the risk of acute coronary events in middle-aged men.
Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, Happonen P, Mursu J, Laukkanen JA, Poulsen H, Lakka TA, Salonen JT.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2006 Mar;16(2):113-20. Epub 2005 Nov 2.
PMID: 16487911
doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2005.05.005

Conclusions
The main finding of this study is that long-term, moderately high dietary methionine intake may increase the risk of acute coronary events in middle-aged Finnish men free of prior CHD. More prospective research is needed to confirm the role of dietary methionine in the development of CVD, and whether its effects are independent of homocysteine.

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2006 March Virtanen study research epidemiological humans middle-aged men Finnish Finland high dietary methionine intake acute coronary_events CVD CHD nutrition risk homocysteine medline

Fish consumption and risk of subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI in older adults.
Virtanen JK, Siscovick DS, Longstreth WT Jr, Kuller LH, Mozaffarian D.
Neurology. 2008 Aug 5;71(6):439-46.
PMID: 18678827
doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000324414.12665.b0

Conclusions:
Among older adults, modest consumption of tuna/other fish, but not fried fish, was associated with lower prevalence of subclinical infarcts and white matter abnormalities on MRI examinations. Our results add to prior evidence that suggest that dietary intake of fish with higher eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content, and not fried fish intake, may have clinically important health benefits

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2008 August Neurology Virtanen study research epidemiological humans older old elderly modest fish consumption omega-3 EPA DHA subclinical brain abnormalities nutrition infarcts risk MRI Mozaffarian medline

Fish consumption and risk of major chronic disease in men.
Virtanen JK, Mozaffarian D, Chiuve SE, Rimm EB.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1618-25.
PMID: 19064523
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2007.25816

Conclusions: Modest fish consumption was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease, consistent with cardiac mortality benefits but not with total cancer or overall major chronic disease; n–6 fatty acid consumption did not influence these relations.

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2008 December ajcn Virtanen Mozaffarian study research epidemiological humans men modest fish consumption omega-3 major chronic_disease risk CVD nutrition mortality medline

Glycemic index, glycemic load, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in Finnish men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.
Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Rissanen TH, Tuomainen TP, Nykänen I, Laukkanen JA, Kortelainen R, Voutilainen S.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19836217
doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.08.001

Conclusions
Our results suggest that both high dietary GI and GL are associated with increased risk of AMI among overweight and GL possibly among less physically active men.

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2009 October study research epidemiological humans Finnish men Finland Mursu Virtanen glycemic_index GI glycemic_load GL acute myocardial_infarction AMI MI CVD nutrition CHD risk carbohydrates overweight medline

Serum Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Hospital Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation in Men.
Virtanen JK, Mursu J, Voutilainen S, Tuomainen TP.
Circulation. 2009 Dec 8;120(23):2315-21. Epub 2009 Nov 23.
PMID: 19933935
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.852657

Conclusions— An increased concentration of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in serum, a marker of fish or fish oil consumption, may protect against AF. Serum docosahexaenoic acid concentration had the greatest impact.

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2009 December Circulation Virtanen study research epidemiological humans Finnish men Finland atrial_fibrillation AF CVD arrhythmia serum omega-3 nutrition DHA long-chain PUFA medline level concentration risk cardiac