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Climate Change Performance Index 2010
A comparison of the 57 top CO2 emitting nations

Climate Change Performance Index 2010

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Climate Change Performance Index 2010 comparison of the 57 top CO2 emitting nations climate_change global warming global_warming

The bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified cheeses and supplements is equivalent in adults.
Wagner D, Sidhom G, Whiting SJ, Rousseau D, Vieth R.
J Nutr. 2008 Jul;138(7):1365-71.
PMID: 18567762

Compared with baseline, serum parathyroid hormone decreased with both fortification (P = 0.003) and supplementation (P = 0.012). These data demonstrate that vitamin D is equally bioavailable from fortified hard cheeses and supplements, making cheese suitable for vitamin D fortification

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2008 July jn study research clinical_trial rct humans vitamin_D supplementation supplements vs. versus fortified cheddar cheese fortification comparison absorption nutrition Vieth Wagner bioavailability 25ohd status medline

Bread fortified with cholecalciferol increases the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in women as effectively as a cholecalciferol supplement.
Natri AM, Salo P, Vikstedt T, Palssa A, Huttunen M, Kärkkäinen MU, Salovaara H, Piironen V, Jakobsen J, Lamberg-Allardt CJ.
J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1):123-7.
PMID: 16365070

Both fortified breads increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration as effectively as the cholecalciferol supplement. Supplementation or fortification did not affect serum intact parathyroid hormone concentration or urinary calcium excretion. In conclusion, fortified bread is a safe and feasible way to improve vitamin D nutrition.

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2006 January jn study research clinical_trial rct humans women vitamin_D vitamin_D3 fortified bread fortification bioavailability absorption status 25ohd supplement supplements nutrition comparison Lamberg-Allardt medline

A randomised comparison of increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration after 4 weeks of daily oral intake of 10 microg cholecalciferol from multivitamin tablets or fish oil capsules in healthy young adults.
Holvik K, Madar AA, Meyer HE, Lofthus CM, Stene LC.
Br J Nutr. 2007 Sep;98(3):620-5. Epub 2007 Apr 24.
PMID: 17456248

We conclude that fish oil capsules and multivitamin tablets containing 10 microg cholecalciferol administered over a 4-week period produced a similar mean increase in s-25(OH)D concentration.

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2007 September bjcn study research clinical_trial rct vitamin_D vitamin_D3 multivitamin tablets fish oil capsules oil-based absorption nutrition medline comparison 25ohd increase vs. versus

Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness.
Taylor AJ, Villines TC, Stanek EJ, Devine PJ, Griffen L, Miller M, Weissman NJ, Turco M.
N Engl J Med. 2009 Nov 26;361(22):2113-22. Epub 2009 Nov 15.
PMID: 19915217

Conclusions This comparative-effectiveness trial shows that the use of extended-release niacin causes a significant regression of carotid intima–media thickness when combined with a statin and that niacin is superior to ezetimibe. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00397657 [ClinicalTrials.gov] .

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2009 November NEJM study research clinical_trial rct humans patients CVD CHD Extended-Release Niacin vitamin_B3 ezetimibe Vytorin statin Carotid IMT nutrition statins comparison versus vs. HDL LDL triglycerides CIMT lipid_profile lipids medline

Blood pressure and atherogenic lipoprotein profiles of fish-diet and vegetarian villagers in Tanzania: the Lugalawa study.
Pauletto P, Puato M, Caroli MG, Casiglia E, Munhambo AE, Cazzolato G, Bittolo Bon G, Angeli MT, Galli C, Pessina AC.
Lancet. 1996 Sep 21;348(9030):784-8.
PMID: 8813985

Interpretation
In these villagers, consumption of freshwater fish (300-600 g daily) was associated with raised plasma concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, lower blood pressure, and lower plasma lipid concentrations.

In conclusion, our findings confirm that the favourable risk factor profile originally described for Eskimos living on a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is real, and not overestimated.

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1996 September Lancet study research nutrition diet fish vegetarian fish-diet fish-eaters vegetarians comparison BP blood pressure lipids cholesterol ldl hdl medline lipid_profile CVD risk_factors Tanzania Lugalawa tribes villagers Africa Bantu

Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies.
Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep;70(3 Suppl):516S-524S.
PMID: 10479225

Further categorization of diets showed that, in comparison with regular meat eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 20% lower in occasional meat eaters, 34% lower in people who ate fish but not meat, 34% lower in lactoovovegetarians, and 26% lower in vegans. There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all other causes combined.

See especially

TABLE 7. All-studies death rate ratios and 95% CIs and the number of deaths by diet category
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/516S/T7

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1999 ajcn study review meta-analysis epidemiological prospective humans nutrition vegetarians vegans meat-eaters fish-eaters nonvegetarians comparison mortality CVD colorectal_cancer breast prostate cancer IHD CHD medline prostate_cancer breast_cancer

Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial.
Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC.
JAMA. 2007 Mar 7;297(9):969-77. Erratum in: JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):178.
PMID: 17341711

Conclusions In this study, premenopausal overweight and obese women assigned to follow the Atkins diet, which had the lowest carbohydrate intake, lost more weight and experienced more favorable overall metabolic effects at 12 months than women assigned to follow the Zone, Ornish, or LEARN diets. While questions remain about long-term effects and mechanisms, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet may be considered a feasible alternative recommendation for weight loss.

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2007 March JAMA study research clinical_trial rct humans overweight obese premenopausal women nutrition comparison Atkins Zone Ornish LEARN Diets diet obesity weight-loss weight_loss medline Atkins_diet Ornish_diet Zone_diet

Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Yin J, Xing H, Ye J.
Metabolism. 2008 May;57(5):712-7.
PMID: 18442638
doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.013.

Fasting plasma insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index were reduced by 28.1% and 44.7% (P<.001), respectively. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased significantly as well. During the trial, 20 (34.5%) patients experienced transient gastrointestinal adverse effects. Functional liver or kidney damages were not observed for all patients. In conclusion, this pilot study indicates that berberine is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism

In summary, that berberine is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with modest effect on lipid metabolism. It is safe and the cost of treatment by berberine is very low. It may serve as a new drug candidate in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, this is a pilot study. The efficacy of berberine needs to be tested in a much larger population and characterized as a function of the known duration of the diabetes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the action of berberine on type 2 diabetes in other ethnic groups.

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2008 May study research clinical_trial rct humans diabetic patients type_2 diabetes berberine metformin comparison hypoglycemic HbA1c herbs nutrition medline efficacy safety lipids lipid_profile CVD

A comparison of egg consumption with other modifiable coronary heart disease lifestyle risk factors: a relative risk apportionment study.
Barraj L, Tran N, Mink P.
Risk Anal. 2009 Mar;29(3):401-15. Epub 2008 Nov 4.
PMID: 19000074
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01149.x

Guidelines from the American Heart Association (AHA) recommend that healthy adults limit their intake of dietary cholesterol to less than 300 mg per day. Since a large egg contains about 71% of that amount, the AHA recommends restricting egg consumption unless dietary cholesterol intakes from other sources are limited. We applied a risk apportionment approach to estimate the contribution of egg consumption and other modifiable lifestyle risk factors (e.g., smoking, poor diet, minimal exercise, and alcohol intake) to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk at the population level. Specifically, we categorized the U.S. adult population ages 25+ into distinct risk groups based on the prevalence of modifiable lifestyle risk factors and applied an apportionment model, typically used to assess risk contribution at the individual level, to estimate the contribution of egg intake to CHD risk. Our analysis shows that the combination of modifiable lifestyle risk factors accounts for less than 40% of the population CHD mortality. For the majority of U.S. adults age 25+, consuming one egg a day accounts for <1% of CHD risk. Hence, focusing on decreasing egg intake as an approach to modify CHD risk would be expected to yield minimal results relative to changing other behaviors such as smoking and other dietary habits.

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2009 March study research risk_analysis egg eggs consumption intake CVD CHD risk comparison other modifiable lifestyle factors risk_factors nutrition smoking

A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease.
Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Borgstrand E, Soffman J, Sjöström K, Ahrén B.
Diabetologia. 2007 Sep;50(9):1795-807. Epub 2007 Jun 22.
PMID: 17583796
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0716-y

Conclusions/interpretation A Palaeolithic diet may improve glucose tolerance independently of decreased waist circumference.

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2007 September Diabetologia study research clinical_trial rct humans paleolithic diet paleolithic_diet Mediterranean Mediterranean_diet comparison glucose tolerance glucose_tolerance type_2 diabetes intolerance evolution nutition CVD CHD IHD medline

"came across a gem of a study the other day, courtesy of Dr. John Briffa's blog. It's titled "Margarine Intake and Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease in Men", by Dr. William P. Castelli's group. It followed participants of the Framingham Heart study for 20 years, and recorded heart attack incidence*. Keep in mind that 20 years is an unusually long follow-up period.
"

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2009 October wholehealthsource Whole Health Source blog_article butter margarine comparison Showdown nutrition

Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and the elderly.
McKenna MJ.
Am J Med. 1992 Jul;93(1):69-77.
PMID: 1385673

PURPOSE: To compare vitamin D status between countries in young adults and in the elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Reports on vitamin D status (as assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) from 1971 to 1990 were reviewed. Studies were grouped according to geographic regions: North America (including Canada and the United States); Scandinavia (including Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden); and Central and Western Europe (including Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). RESULTS: Vitamin D status varies with the season in young adults and in the elderly, and is lower during the winter in Europe than in both North America and Scandinavia. Oral vitamin D intake is lower in Europe than in both North America and Scandinavia. Hypovitaminosis D and related abnormalities in bone chemistry are most common in elderly residents in Europe but are reported in all elderly populations. CONCLUSIONS: The vitamin D status in young adults and the elderly varies widely with the country of residence. Adequate exposure to summer sunlight is the essential means to ample supply, but oral intake augmented by both fortification and supplementation is necessary to maintain baseline stores. All countries should adopt a fortification policy. It seems likely that the elderly would benefit additionally from a daily supplement of 10 micrograms of vitamin D.

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1992 July study research epidemiological humans vitamin_D status levels 25ohd differences between countries country nutrition medline comparison Finland Scandinavia NOrdic Europe USA Canada North America

An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements.
Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols HA, Holick MF.
Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(5):394-7.
PMID: 10550457
DOI: 10.1007/s001980050162

The results show that 25(OH)D values from different laboratories can not be assumed to be comparable unless a careful cross-calibration has been performed.

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1999 April study research international comparison 25ohd measurements assays Lips Holick vitamin_D nutrition lab labs medline

The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement.
Houghton LA, Vieth R.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;84(4):694-7.
PMID: 17023693

Vitamin D2, if given in high enough doses, prevents infantile rickets and is capable of healing adult osteomalacia. However, the inefficiency of vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3, on a per mole basis, at increasing 25(OH)D is now well documented, and no successful clinical trials to date have shown that vitamin D2 prevents fractures (19-21, 47). Given the assumption that the intake of any nutrient will deliver defined effects [ie, supplementation with vitamin D will lead to an increase in 25(OH)D or fracture prevention], it is clear that vitamin D2 does not fit this current nutritional notion. This is not to suggest that vitamin D2 is not efficacious, but, because the units of the 2 forms is clearly not equivalent, likely due to its distinct metabolic features and diminished binding of vitamin D2 metabolites to DBP in plasma, continual application of vitamin D2 in clinical use, including in research trials, only serves to confound our understanding of optimal vitamin D dosing recommendations. Furthermore, the public expects to derive the equivalent effect per unit dose of vitamin D, whether it is vitamin D2 or vitamin D3. The scientific community is aware that these molecules are not equivalent. Therefore, vitamin D2 should no longer be regarded as a nutrient appropriate for supplementation or fortification of foods

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2006 October ajcn study review humans Vieth vitamin_D vitamin_D3 vitamin_D2 case against efficacy comparison 25ohd supplementation nutrition medline

Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, Klein EK, Young A, Bibuld D, Reitz R, Salameh W, Ameri A, Tannenbaum AD.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):677-81. Epub 2007 Dec 18.
PMID: 18089691

Conclusion: A 1000 IU dose of vitamin D2 daily was as effective as 1000 IU vitamin D3 in maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and did not negatively influence serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels. Therefore, vitamin D2 is equally as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining 25-hydroxyvitamin D status.

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2008 March jcem study research clinical_trial rct humans vitamin_D vitamin_D2 vitamin_D3 efficacy comparison 25ohd Holick supplementation nutrition medline

Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2.
Trang HM, Cole DE, Rubin LA, Pierratos A, Siu S, Vieth R.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Oct;68(4):854-8.
PMID: 9771862

Although the 1.7-times
greater efficacy for vitamin D3 shown here may seem small, it is
more than what others have shown for 25(OH)D increases when
comparing 2-fold differences in vitamin D3 dose. The
assumption that vitamins D2 and D3 have equal nutritional value
is probably wrong and should be reconsidered.

www.ajcn.org/854 - Preview

1998 October ajcn study research clinical_trial rct humans vitamin_D vitamin_D2 vitamin_D3 comparison efficacy 25ohd nutrition medline supplementation Vieth

Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans.
Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Nov;89(11):5387-91.
PMID: 15531486

Vitamin D2 potency is less than one third that of vitamin D3. Physicians resorting to use of vitamin D2 should be aware of its markedly lower potency and shorter duration of action relative to vitamin D3.

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2004 November study research clinical_trial rct humans vitamin_D vitamin_D2 vitamin_D3 efficacy comparison 25ohd Heaney Hollis supplementation nutrition medline

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info reference statistics nationmaster life_expectancy life expectancy at birth countries country comparison world

This entry contains the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. The entry includes total population as well as the male and female components. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.

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CIA Factbook info reference Country Comparison Life expectancy at birth life_expectancy countries world