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Whole Health Source: Are the MK-4 and MK-7 Forms of Vitamin K2 Equivalent?
"As far as I can tell, MK-4 is capable of performing all the functions of vitamin K. MK-4 can even activate blood clotting factors, which is a role traditionally ascribed to vitamin K1. Babies are often born clotting deficient, which is why we give newborns vitamin K1 injections in the U.S. to prevent hemorrhaging. In Japan, they give children MK-4 to prevent hemorrhage, an intervention that is very effective. Could that have to do with the fact that Japan has half the infant mortality rate of the U.S.?
Today, I found another difference between MK-4 and MK-7. I was reading a paper about SXR-independent effects of vitamin K2 on gene expression. The investigators found that MK-4 strongly activates transcription of two specific genes in osteoblast cells. Osteoblasts are cells that create bone tissue. The genes are GDF15 and STC2 and they're involved in bone and cartilage formation. They tested K1 and MK-7, and in contrast to MK-4, they did not activate transcription of the genes in the slightest. This shows that MK-4 has effects on gene expression in bone tissue that MK-7 doesn't have.
That being said, MK-7 may still have a place in a healthy diet. Just because it can't do everything MK-4 can, doesn't mean it has no role. It may be able to fill in for MK-4 in some functions, or reduce the dietary need for MK-4. But no one really knows at this point. Hunter-gatherers would have had a source of longer menaquinones, including MK-7, from livers. So it's possible that we're adapted to a modest MK-7 intake on top of MK-4. "
Vitamin D and aging. [J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009] - PubMed result
Vitamin D and aging.
Tuohimaa P.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009 Mar;114(1-2):78-84. Review.
PMID: 19444937
Egg consumption and endothelial function: a randomized controlled crossover trial
Egg consumption and endothelial function: a randomized controlled crossover trial.
Katz DL, Evans MA, Nawaz H, Njike VY, Chan W, Comerford BP, Hoxley ML.
Int J Cardiol. 2005 Mar 10;99(1):65-70.
PMID: 15721501
Conclusion: Short-term egg consumption does not adversely affect endothelial function in healthy adults, supporting the view that dietary cholesterol may be less detrimental to cardiovascular health than previously thought
A comparison of egg consumption with other modifiable coronary heart disease lifestyle risk factors: a relative risk apportionment study. - Risk Anal. 2009 Mar;29(3):401-15. - Wiley InterScience :: Article :: HTML Full Text
A comparison of egg consumption with other modifiable coronary heart disease lifestyle risk factors: a relative risk apportionment study.
Barraj L, Tran N, Mink P.
Risk Anal. 2009 Mar;29(3):401-15. Epub 2008 Nov 4.
PMID: 19000074
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01149.x
Guidelines from the American Heart Association (AHA) recommend that healthy adults limit their intake of dietary cholesterol to less than 300 mg per day. Since a large egg contains about 71% of that amount, the AHA recommends restricting egg consumption unless dietary cholesterol intakes from other sources are limited. We applied a risk apportionment approach to estimate the contribution of egg consumption and other modifiable lifestyle risk factors (e.g., smoking, poor diet, minimal exercise, and alcohol intake) to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk at the population level. Specifically, we categorized the U.S. adult population ages 25+ into distinct risk groups based on the prevalence of modifiable lifestyle risk factors and applied an apportionment model, typically used to assess risk contribution at the individual level, to estimate the contribution of egg intake to CHD risk. Our analysis shows that the combination of modifiable lifestyle risk factors accounts for less than 40% of the population CHD mortality. For the majority of U.S. adults age 25+, consuming one egg a day accounts for <1% of CHD risk. Hence, focusing on decreasing egg intake as an approach to modify CHD risk would be expected to yield minimal results relative to changing other behaviors such as smoking and other dietary habits.
JUPITER: Low LDL and low CRP best for reducing events in primary prevention - theheart.org
"March 29, 2009 | Michael O'Riordan
Orlando, FL - Reducing LDL cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in primary-prevention patients treated with rosuvastatin (Crestor, AstraZeneca) results in better event-free survival than when neither of these targets are achieved or when LDL cholesterol alone is reduced, a new analysis shows [1].
Presenting the results of the Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) study during an afternoon press conference at the American College of Cardiology 2009 Scientific Sessions, investigators say that initial interventions for low-risk primary-prevention patients remains lifestyle and dietary modifications, but for those choosing drug therapy, "reductions in both LDL cholesterol and hs-CRP are indicators of the success of treatment with statin therapy.""
Hyperlipid: Kwasniewski; praise the lard
"This article was originally published in 2004 in the Chicago Tribune. It's still knocking around on the web in various places but the original seems to have disappeared. You can't have too much of a good thing. Obviously Stephan's recent posts on lard prompted me to put this one up. The imported nutritionist doesn't seem quite as dismissive as you might expect! But notice in the last paragraph that the big bogeyman is protein overload damaging the kidneys! On 60g/d of protein??? Sobor clearly knows nothing about high fat diets, certainly not the one he is commenting so authoritatively about in this case!"
Vitamin D receptor allele combinations influence genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Germans. — Diabetes
Vitamin D receptor allele combinations influence genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Germans.
Pani MA, Knapp M, Donner H, Braun J, Baur MP, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K.
Diabetes. 2000 Mar;49(3):504-7.
PubMed PMID: 10868975.
doi: 10.2337/diabetes.49.3.504
Low vitamin D linked with CVD risk factors in teens - theheart.org
"March 18, 2009 | Marlene Busko
Palm Harbor, FL - In a large study of adolescents, low serum levels of 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) strongly predicted prevalence of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and metabolic syndrome [1]. The findings were reported at the AHA 49th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention.
Adolescents with vitamin-D levels in the lowest quartile were almost four times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than those with vitamin-D levels in the highest quartile. "I think that is quite alarming," lead author Dr Jared P Reis (Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD) said in an AHA podcast issued to the media."
Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain -- Larsen et al. 83 (3): 606 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain.
Larsen TM, Toubro S, Gudmundsen O, Astrup A.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3):606-12.
PMID: 16522907
CONCLUSION: A 3.4-g daily CLA supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or fat mass regain in a healthy obese population.
Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets -- Cordain et al. 71 (3): 682 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets.
Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N, Holt SH, Speth JD.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;71(3):682-92.
PMID: 10702160
Our analysis showed that whenever and wherever it was ecologically possible, hunter-gatherers consumed high amounts (45-65% of energy) of animal food. Most (73%) of the worldwide hunter-gatherer societies derived >50% (> or =56-65% of energy) of their subsistence from animal foods, whereas only 14% of these societies derived >50% (> or =56-65% of energy) of their subsistence from gathered plant foods. This high reliance on animal-based foods coupled with the relatively low carbohydrate content of wild plant foods produces universally characteristic macronutrient consumption ratios in which protein is elevated (19-35% of energy) at the expense of carbohydrates (22-40% of energy).
Twice single doses of 100,000 IU of vitamin D in winter is adequate and safe for prevention of vitamin D deficiency in healthy children from Ushuaia, Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina - ScienceDirect - The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Twice single doses of 100,000 IU of vitamin D in winter is adequate and safe for prevention of vitamin D deficiency in healthy children from Ushuaia, Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina.
Tau C, Ciriani V, Scaiola E, Acuña M.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Mar;103(3-5):651-4. Epub 2007 Jan 25.
PMID: 17257830
doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.027
These results disclosed that to prevent vitamin D deficiency for children at zones of risk at the south of our country, double supplementation of 100,000 IU of vitamin D during autumn and winter, would be adequate and safe.
Fatty acid intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in US women
Fatty acid intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in U.S. women.
Alperovich M, Neuman MI, Willett WC, Curhan GC.
Nutrition. 2007 Mar;23(3):196-202. Epub 2007 Jan 22.
PMID: 17236748
doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.11.007.
Conclusions
Fatty acid intake may affect the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in young and middle-aged women. Higher dietary intake of palmitic acid and possibly DHA and EPA may increase the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in women while higher oleic acid intake may decrease the risk.
Low vitamin D levels associated with several risk factors in teenagers
"• Low levels of vitamin D were associated with increased risk of high blood pressure, high blood sugar and metabolic syndrome in teenagers.
• The highest levels of vitamin D were found in whites, the lowest levels in blacks and intermediate levels in Mexican-Americans.
PALM HARBOR, Fla., March 11, 2009 — Low levels of vitamin D were associated with an increased risk of high blood pressure, high blood sugar and metabolic syndrome in teenagers, researchers reported at the American Heart Association’s 49th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention."
The JELIS Trial - The Heart Scan Blog:
"The Japan eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS) is a clinical trial that all Track Your Plaquers should know about.
This enormous trial followed a simple design:
Japanese men, between 40-75 years, and Japanese postmenopausal women aged <75 years with total cholesterol 250 mg/dl or greater were enrolled. A total of 18,645 subjects (mean age, 61 years; 31% male) participated: 36% had hypertension, 15% had diabetes, and 20% had coronary disease (history of heart attack or heart procedure). Average starting total cholesterol 275 mg/dl; LDL 180 mg/dl. All participants were treated with pravastatin 10 mg/day or simvastatin 5 mg/day; approximately half also received the omega-3, EPA, 1800 mg/day, in addition to one of the statin drugs.
Treatment resulted in an average LDL reduction of 26% in all participants; the group taking EPA experienced an additional 10% reduction in triglycerides. All major cardiovascular events were tracked and tabulated, including sudden cardiac death, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina pectoris, coronary artery bypass surgery, and coronary angioplasty. "
Vitamin D must be an oil-based capsule, a gel-cap, not a tablet. -The Heart Scan Blog
"Lisa is one of early success stories: a heart scan score of 447 in her early 40's, modest reduction of CT heart scan score three years ago.
However, Lisa had a difficult time locating oil-based vitamin D. There has, in fact, been a national run on vitamin D and I'm told that even manufacturers are scrambling to keep up with the booming demand. So, she bought tablets instead and was taking 3000 units per day.
She came in for a routine check. Lisa's 25-OH-vitamin D3: 17 ng/ml, signifying severe deficiency, the same as if she were taking nothing at all. (Recall that we aim for 50 ng/ml.)
In other words, vitamin D tablets do not work. It is shameful. I see numerous women taking calcium tablets with D--the vitamin D does not work. I've actually seen blood levels of zero on these preparations. "
Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis : The Lancet
Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis.
Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H, Itakura H, Kita T, Kitabatake A, Nakaya N, Sakata T, Shimada K, Shirato K; Japan EPA lipid intervention study (JELIS) Investigators.
Lancet. 2007 Mar 31;369(9567):1090-8. Erratum in: Lancet. 2007 Jul 21;370(9583):220.
PMID: 17398308
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3
Interpretation
EPA is a promising treatment for prevention of major coronary events, and especially non-fatal coronary events, in Japanese hypercholesterolaemic patients
Omega 3 fatty acids influence mood, impulsivity and personality, study indicates
"DENVER, March 3 – Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may influence mood, personality and behavior, according to results of a study presented today by University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine researchers at the 64th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Psychosomatic Society in Denver."
Professor: Fish oil boosted children’s brains - Telegraph
"Increasing the fatty acid content in children's diets can boost their mental abilities, scientists claim.
Four overweight children given capsules containing omega-3 and omega-6 were said to have undergone three years' worth of development in just three months.
The youngsters, aged between eight and 13, were also said to have made remarkable improvements in reading and problem-solving.
Professor Basant Puri carried out the tests for a Channel Five documentary, Mind the Fat: Does Fast Food = Slow Kids?, to be shown on Thursday."
Fat pupils on fish oils make a mental leap - Times Online
"Fatty acids can help children in exams and improve their behaviour in class and at home, a study suggests.
Overweight children who took fatty acid dietary supplements showed dramatic improvements in concentration, reading, memory and mental agility. The advances that their brains made in three months would normally take three years, researchers found."
Margarine intake and subsequent coronary heart disease in men. - [Epidemiology. 1997] - PubMed result
Gillman MW, Cupples LA, Gagnon D, Millen BE, Ellison RC, Castelli WP.
Margarine intake and subsequent coronary heart disease in men. Epidemiology. 1997
Mar;8(2):144-9. PubMed PMID: 9229205
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