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Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas and future research needs -- Davis 88 (2): 565S -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas and future research needs.
Davis CD.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;88(2):565S-569S. Review.
PMID: 18689403
A diversity of scientific literature supports a role for vitamin D in decreasing colorectal cancer incidence, but the available evidence provides only limited support for an inverse association between vitamin D status and the risk of other types of cancer. We need additional studies analyzing the dose-response relation between vitamin D status and cancer risk, the optimal level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the length of time required to observe an effect, and the time period of life when exposure is most relevant. Studies of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms have found that not all polymorphisms have the same association with cancer, and the cancer site could further dictate which polymorphisms might be most important; this indicates a need for more research on gene-environment interactions. Several dietary components and the balance between energy intake and expenditure influence vitamin D metabolism. These studies show that scientists need to identify confounders and modifiers of the biological response to vitamin D, including dietary factors, lifestyle factors such as exercise, and race or ethnicity. Transgenic and knockout animals are powerful tools for identifying the molecular targets of bioactive food components. Scientists should therefore make increased use of these models to identify molecular targets for vitamin D. Many research gaps relate to the need to develop predictive, validated, and sensitive biomarkers, including biomarkers that researchers can use to reliably evaluate intake or exposure to vitamin D, assess one or more specific biological effects that are linked to cancer, and effectively predict individual susceptibility as a function of nutrient-nutrient interactions and genetics.
A Systematic Review of the Evidence Supporting a Causal Link Between Dietary Factors and Coronary Heart Disease, April 13, 2009, Mente et al. 169 (7): 659 - Arch Intern Med -- Abstract
A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease.
Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS.
Arch Intern Med. 2009 Apr 13;169(7):659-69. Review.
PMID: 19364995
Conclusions The evidence supports a valid association of a limited number of dietary factors and dietary patterns with CHD. Future evaluation of dietary patterns, including their nutrient and food components, in cohort studies and randomized trials is recommended
n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease evidence explained and mechanisms explored. - Clinical Science (2004) 107, 1-11 - P.C. Calder
n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: evidence explained and mechanisms explored.
Calder PC.
Clin Sci (Lond). 2004 Jul;107(1):1-11. Review.
PMID: 15132735
DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTAKE OF LONG-CHAIN n-3 PUFAS
It is clear from the forgoing discussion that long-chain n-3 fatty acids have been proven to be effective in secondary prevention of MI, with a particularly marked effect on sudden death. Thus it would be prudent to advise post-MI patients to increase long-chain n-3 PUFA consumption. Epidemiological studies, studies investigating effects on classic and emerging risk factors and mechanistic studies indicate that long-chain n-3 fatty acids also play a key role in primary prevention. This is supported by studies in animal models, including monkeys. Thus long-chain n-3 fatty acid consumption should be promoted for all individuals especially those at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This is the reason why a number of organizations have now made recommendations relating to the intake of fatty fish (for example [3]) and of long-chain n-3 PUFAs (Table 6). It is clear that there is a wide gap between current intakes of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and many of these recommendations (Table 6). To meet these recommendations strategies other than increased consumption of fatty fish may be required.
Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. - [Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007] - PubMed result
Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health.
Cranney A, Horsley T, O'Donnell S, Weiler H, Puil L, Ooi D, Atkinson S, Ward L, Moher D, Hanley D, Fang M, Yazdi F, Garritty C, Sampson M, Barrowman N, Tsertsvadze A, Mamaladze V.
Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007 Aug;(158):1-235. Review.
PMID: 18088161
Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. - J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;67(12):1954-67. Review. (full text PDF)
Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry.
Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL, Davis JM, Mischoulon D, Peet M, Keck PE Jr, Marangell LB, Richardson AJ, Lake J, Stoll AL.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;67(12):1954-67. Review. Erratum in: J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Feb;68(2):338.
PMID: 17194275
Conclusions: The preponderance of epidemiologic and tissue compositional studies supports a protective effect of omega-3 EFA intake, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in mood disorders. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials demonstrate a statistically significant benefit in unipolar and bipolar depression (p=.02). The results were highly heterogeneous, indicating that it is important to examine the characteristics of each individual study to note the differences in design and execution. There is less evidence of benefit in schizophrenia. EPA and DHA appear to have negligible risks and some potential benefit in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, but results remain inconclusive in most areas of interest in psychiatry. Treatment recommendations and directions for future research are described. Health benefits of omega-3 EFA may be especially important in patients with psychiatric disorders, due to high prevalence rates of smoking and obesity and the metabolic side effects of some psychotropic medications.
Health Services/Technology Assessment Text (HSTAT)
The Health Services Technology/Assessment Texts (HSTAT) is a free, Web-based resource of full-text documents that provide health information and support health care decision making. HSTAT's audience includes health care providers, health service researchers, policy makers, payers, consumers and the information professionals who serve these groups.
Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence?
Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence?
Zittermann A.
Br J Nutr. 2003 May;89(5):552-72. Review.
PMID: 12720576
Vitamin D is metabolised by a hepatic 25-hydroxylase into 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and by a renal 1alpha-hydroxylase into the vitamin D hormone calcitriol. Calcitriol receptors are present in more than thirty different tissues. Apart from the kidney, several tissues also possess the enzyme 1alpha-hydroxylase, which is able to use circulating 25(OH)D as a substrate. Serum levels of 25(OH)D are the best indicator to assess vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, hypovitaminosis, adequacy, and toxicity. European children and young adults often have circulating 25(OH)D levels in the insufficiency range during wintertime. Elderly subjects have mean 25(OH)D levels in the insufficiency range throughout the year. In institutionalized subjects 25(OH)D levels are often in the deficiency range. There is now general agreement that a low vitamin D status is involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Moreover, vitamin D insufficiency can lead to a disturbed muscle function. Epidemiological data also indicate a low vitamin D status in tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, hypertension, and specific types of cancer. Some intervention trials have demonstrated that supplementation with vitamin D or its metabolites is able: (i) to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients; (ii) to improve blood glucose levels in diabetics; (iii) to improve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The oral dose necessary to achieve adequate serum 25(OH)D levels is probably much higher than the current recommendations of 5-15 microg/d.
Vitamin D and Cancer Mini-Symposium: The Risk of Additional Vitamin D
Evidence from clinical trials shows, with a wide margin of confidence, that a prolonged intake of 10,000IU/d of vitamin D3 poses no risk of adverse effects for adults, even if this is added to a rather high physiologic background level of vitamin D.
Vitamin D and cancer mini-symposium: the risk of additional vitamin D.
Vieth R.\nAnn Epidemiol. 2009 Jul;19(7):441-5. Epub 2009 Apr 11.
PMID: 19364661
doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.01.009
Fermi paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Fermi paradox is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence for or contact with such civilizations.
Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force - 161.pdf
Hayden M, Pignone M, Phillips C, Mulrow C. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jan 15;136(2):161-72. Summary for patients in: Ann Intern
Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence? Zittermann A - IngentaConnect
Zittermann A.
Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence?
Br J Nutr. 2003 May;89(5):552-72. Review.
PMID: 12720576 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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