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Electrical joint compound - US Patent 4214121 Description
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Heretofore, joining large aluminum underground power cable to aluminum or copper power cable with compression connectors was not feasible because of premature failure of the connector joint under electrical current loading. Unlike the long andbulky compression connectors used on bare overhead power lines where space is not a premium, underground compression connectors must be short to keep manhole size small and to reduce the time required to insulate the joint with hand-wrapped tape or otherinsulating materials. Overhead line connectors receieve appreciable cooling from air currents whereas commonly used paper or plastic insulation restricts the cooling of underground cable joints. Metal particle-filled grease joint compounds used inoverhead line compression connectors are not used for underground cable for several reasons. First, its use is precluded because of the possiblity of migration of the compound into the paper or along the insulation resulting in voltage puncture of theinsulation from ionization. Secondly, joint compounds of grease do not offer much improvement over no compound because grease will move under pressure and therefore does not constrain relative movement of connector and conductor strands whereashardenable resins such as epoxy do.
Electric power steering apparatus - US Patent 7445081 Claims
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An electric power steering apparatus including an electric motor for outputting assist torque to a steering wheel of a vehicle, and a control unit for controlling thedriving of said electric motor, said control unit comprising: a power main body including a bridge circuit composed of a plurality of semiconductor switching elements for switching a current supplied to said electric motor in accordance with torqueassisting said steering wheel; a control main body that generates a drive signal to control said bridge circuit based on the steering torque of said steering wheel; a metal substrate that is composed of a plurality of insulating layers and a pluralityof conductor layers having wiring patterns respectively formed thereon, said insulating layers and said conductor layers being laminated on a metal plate; connector terminals that are made of an electrically conductive material and are arranged in aperipheral portion of said metal substrate; and metal elements that have one end portions welded to said conductor layers of said metal substrate on which said power main body is mounted, and the other end portions welded to said connector terminals.
USGS Minerals Information: Copper
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Copper is usually found in nature in association with sulfur. Pure copper metal is generally produced from a multistage process, beginning with the mining and concentrating of low-grade ores containing copper sulfide minerals, and followed by smelting and electrolytic refining to produce a pure copper cathode. An increasing share of copper is produced from acid leaching of oxidized ores. Copper is one of the oldest metals ever used and has been one of the important materials in the development of civilization. Because of its properties, singularly or in combination, of high ductility, malleability, and thermal and electrical conductivity, and its resistance to corrosion, copper has become a major industrial metal, ranking third after iron and aluminum in terms of quantities consumed. Electrical uses of copper, including power transmission and generation, building wiring, telecommunication, and electrical and electronic products, account for about three quarters of total copper use. Building construction is the single largest market, followed by electronics and electronic products, transportation, industrial machinery, and consumer and general products. Copper byproducts from manufacturing and obsolete copper products are readily recycled and contribute significantly to copper supply.
Without recycling, world metals face depletion finds Yale study
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Researchers studying supplies of copper, zinc and other metals have determined that these finite resources, even if recycled, may not meet the needs of the global population forever, according to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Peak copper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Peak copper is the point in time at which the maximum global copper production rate is reached. Since copper is a finite resource, at some point in the future new production from within the earth will diminish, and at some earlier time production will reach a maximum. When this will occur is a matter of dispute. "
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Peak copper is the point in time at which the maximum global copper production rate is reached. Since copper is a finite resource, at some point in the future new production from within the earth will diminish, and at some earlier time production will reach a maximum. When this will occur is a matter of dispute. Unlike fossil fuels, though, copper is scrapped and reused. Copper is among the most important industrial metals. Copper is used in electrical power cables, data cables, electrical equipment, automobile radiators, cooling and refrigeration tubing, heat exchangers, artillery shell casings, water pipes, and jewellery.
World copper production, 1900-2002Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900. As India and China race to catch up with the West, the copper supply chain is becoming more strained,[1] leading to increased prices and an increase in copper theft.
The Future of Solar Cells - Better Generation
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However researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimate that Indium's availability is likely to constrain the manufacturing of CIGS once production reaches the tens of gigawatts level, unless levels of recovery during extraction are increased.
Fraunhofer ISE sets a new world record - PV inverter efficiency exceeds 99 percent — Fraunhofer ISE
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The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE has set a new world record of 99.03 % for the efficiency of inverters used in photovoltaic systems.
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They are constantly becoming better and less expensive, whereas the costs for passive components, which contain significant amounts of copper and other metals, are rising continuously.”
TUD : IANUS - Interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe Naturwissenschaft, Technik und Sicherheit - Home
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One of the global challenges of our technological civilisation is the peaceful fair and sustainable
use of resources. Several causes for crises and conflict constellations are observable: The end of the era of fossil energy
supply, the scarcity of metal and mineral resources and the involved cost increase, the geographic allocation of ownership
rights an the dependence on raw material supplying countries. A new public awareness on competition of food and renewable
resources production has raised, Innovative renewable energy technologies like photovoltaics have to be designed considering
the scantiness of special raw materials. The conflicts will get worse in this century due to the visible shortage of oil,
natural gas, water and other resources.
National and International noted experts will speak about three thematic fields: energy supply and conflicts, mineral
resources market and conflict fields and competition and conflicts on renewable resources.The conference addresses to
the interested public on resources safety, sustainability and peace research.
Zambian Economic Development: COPPER MINING IN 2009
For many Zambians, the current copper prices that have risen from a low of USD3,000 per tone and now stand at about USD4,000 per tonne is good news and there is hope that the prices will continue to improve.
Aluminum Wiring And Howard County Home Sales
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Aluminum wire alone is safe - every overhead power line in the U.S. is made with aluminum wire. The potential for greater fire hazard comes from a poor aluminum-to-copper connection inside the outlets and switches in the home. And, although aluminum wire has a “relatively” greater risk of fire, the risk either way is pretty small (say a 2-in-500,000 chance with copper vs. 7-in-500,000 chance with aluminum). You can read a decent history of aluminum on Wikipedia, or on this electrician’s website here.
The “problem” comes from a poor aluminum-to-copper connection between aluminum and copper wires, allowing for oxidation which leads to either “sparking” and/or excessive heat build up. The “solution” is to improve these “connections.”
New BMW 7 Series Features Unique Aluminum Technology - Feb 09, 2009
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Novelis is a subsidiary of Hindalco Industries Limited, Asia's largest integrated producer of aluminum and a leading copper producer.
Zenergy aims to slash cost of renewables | CNN Showbiz
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Jens Müller opens his shiny silver briefcase and pulls out a thick piece of copper and a thin ribbon of wire. As the CEO of Zenergy, Europe’s only company to develop renewable energy devices using superconductors, Müller has brought along these props to show the different capabilities of a superconductor in comparison to copper.
Bill targets aluminum, copper theives :: Local News :: Post-Tribune
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Aluminum and copper thieves would face stiffer penalties and greater scrutiny when attempting to sell their ill-gotten loot under a bill headed for the state House of Representatives.
AlumiConn® AL-CU
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Aluminum to Copper (AL-CU)
Superior quality through...
• Secure, mechanical connection of conductors
• Runs approximately 25°F cooler than purple twist-ons
• Provides more safety
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