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Lecture 16: The Romantic Era
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Romanticism reflected a crisis in
Enlightenment thought itself, -
philosophe had turned man into a
soulless, thinking machine -- a robot. -
because it blocked the free
play of the emotions and creativity. -
For the Romantic, the result was nothing less than
the demotion of the individual. Imagination, sensitivity, feelings, spontaneity and
freedom were stifled -- choked to death. Man must liberate himself from these intellectual
chains. -
, Jean Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778), the Romantics yearned to reclaim human freedom. -
"Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains,"
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Romanticism was the new thought, the critical idea and the creative effort necessary to
cope with the old ways of confronting experience. -
ence for many
Romantics, raised the threat of moral disaster as well. Men and women faced the need to
build new systems of discipline and order, or, at the very least, they had to reshape
older systems. -
devoted to irrationality and "unreason,
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Enlightenment
rationalism continued to be expressed in the language of political and economic
liberalism. -
The Romantics defined the Enlightenment as something to which they were clearly
opposed. T
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The Hill Blog» Blog Archive » Republicans Ally with Harmful Corporations
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the court awarded corporations immunity from lawsuits filed by workers who are hired by subcontractors and then injured because of negligence by corporations.
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all-Republican Supreme Court would have spared BP the lawsuit t
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The court told workers they have no redress when corporations do them wrong. Corporations can expose them to toxic chemicals, dangerous working environments, unsafe equipment, and workers can be horribly injured as a result
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ABC-CLIO: American History: Entry Display
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Convinced that economic instability aided Soviet Communist expansion,
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The plan, he said, was not directed against a country or an idea, but "against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world. . . ."
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the United States ought to help Europe with substantial grants and loans in order to prevent "economic, social, and political deterioration of very grave character."
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The Soviet Union was invited to take part, but it refused on the grounds that the economic aid was really a sham for making Europe dependent upon the United States. Eastern European nations under Soviet control were also prevented from participating.
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Soviet refusal to participate and the overthrow of the Czechoslovakian government by communists helped secure passage of the Marshall Plan through Congress.
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$5.3 billion in aid was provided to Europe the following year.
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$12 billion spent in Marshall aid, more than half went to Great Britain, France, and West Germany
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their gross national products by more than 25%.
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prosperity not only helped contain communism, but as they became more prosperous, they bought more U.S. goods
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Acceptance of Marshall aid bound recipients to make all their purchases in the United States and Commonwealth countries.
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the postwar U.S. economic prosperity.
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often refer to the success of the Marshall Plan to support aid programs for Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
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ABC-CLIO: World History: Modern: Entry Display
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an official of the U.S. State Department, was put on trial for perjury in 1949 and 1950
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he was connected to a communist espionage ring.
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the trial helped to fuel anticommunist feelings in the United States and contributed to the political careers of Richard Nixon and Joseph McCarthy.
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Prior to the cold war, a number of Americans found themselves drawn to the idealistic goals of communism.
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Soviet officials were eager to infiltrate American policy making and gain what information they could about U.S. military and diplomatic planning.
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of such infiltration and espionage was Hiss
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that he was a former member of the U.S. Communist Party and that Hiss was as well. Hiss denied any association with the party and that he even knew Chambers.
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where he was protected from litigation by congressional immunity,
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Hiss sued him for slander.
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to HUAC and claimed that Hiss gave them to him to give to a Soviet agent.
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y Chambers convinced the government to prosecute Hiss, but since the statute of limitations had run out on possible charges of espionage, he was charged with perjury for lying during grand jury hearings (denying his involvement with Chambers).
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Prosecutors tried to establish Chambers' cooperation with HUAC and the forthrightness of his testimony.
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went after the credibility of Chambers and compared Hiss' exemplary life with Chambers' more checkered past. A
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Chambers introduced considerable evidence that he knew Hiss and his wife, that he had visited their home, and that Hiss had transferred ownership of a car to him
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with eight jurors favoring conviction and four favoring acquittal.
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November 17, 1949 and lasted until January 21, 1950.
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hat Chambers had a psychopathic personality,
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The jury found Hiss guilty and sentenced him to five years in the federal penitentiary.
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U.S. Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court both rejected Hiss' appeals, and he served the majority of his time
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y Senator McCarthy that the State Department and other government offices had been infiltrated by communists, a
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Debate still continues between those who believe in the authenticity of Chambers' confession and those who believe that Hiss—who denied any association with the Communist Party until his death in 1996—was wrongly convicted
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ABC-CLIO: World History: Modern: Entry Display
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The Yalta Conference
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The compromises made failed to completely satisfy any of the participants but led to the Allied occupation of Germany, the rise of the iron curtain, and the establishment of the United Nations (UN).
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from February 4 to February 11, 1945
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was called at the request of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, included British prime minister Winston Churchill and U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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British and U.S. forces were preparing to invade Germany
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The meeting was called as Soviet armies rapidly advanced toward Berlin.
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surrender of Adolf Hitler and his Third Reich was imminent
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was also in the midst of invading Japan.
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three leaders planned the Allied occupation and split Germany into four occupation zones with France as the fourth occupying power.
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most important issue discussed at the conference was the fate of postwar Germany
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Germany to pay the Soviet Union war reparations to compensate for 20 million
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Russian deaths.
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Soviet Union was given great influence over most of Eastern Europe
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Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and parts of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia would be granted independent governments with free elections,
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decision was in effect the birth of the "iron curtain," as Churchill coined it.
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would have to be Soviet friendly.
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also won additional geopolitical security through the renegotiation of Poland's borders and the recomposition of Poland's government.
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conference scheduled another meeting in April 1945 at which the UN would be established.
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seized on the opportunity to promote the establishment of a world organization to maintain the postwar peace.
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was the strategy to defeat Japan.
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he Soviets entered the Allies' war against Japan on August 8, 1945, two days after U.S. president Harry Truman ordered the atomic bombing of Japan that quickly brought an end to World War II.
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exchange for the return of territory in the Far East, Stalin promised that he would declare war on Japan within 90 days of Germany's surrender.
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Document Page: AMERICANS SHOULDN'T GIVE UP ON AFRICA [GUEST COLUMN]
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Africa overall has enjoyed sustained economic growth over the recent past. In 2006 Africa's economies grew by more than five percent - their greatest expansion in eight years - and are projected to grow by seven percent this year, with Ethiopia, Mozambique and Tanzania among the fastest-growing countries in the world. Across a broader comparison, Africa's economic growth has surpassed the average economic growth of Latin America (4.3 percent).
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Africa's oil industry has emerged to become the most viable alternative supplier to that of the Middle East.
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The U.S. alone derives 15 percent of its oil imports from Africa; China buys 28 percent of its oil from African countries, in particular Angola, Nigeria and Sudan.
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Document Page: No time for a crusade in Darfur
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The UN Security Council has ordered Khartoum to disband its militias in Darfur. The US Congress, humanitarian groups, America's Christian religious right, and other foes of Sudan's military regime, are demanding armed action. -
The White House has been currying favor with Christian militants and blacks by intensifying hostility to the isolated Khartoum regime
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the US has been trying to overthrow for a decade.
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Darfur in the 1880's. Led by the fiery 'Mahdi,' the Dervishes drove the British imperialists from Sudan,
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that destroyed the Dervish army at Omdurman. But remote Darfur remained a hotbed of rebellion.
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two anti-Khartoum insurgencies simmered in Darfur, backed by neighboring Chad, and Eritrea, both of whom are US-clients. CIA has reportedly supplied arms and money to Darfur's rebels.
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Washington recently developed interest in Chad, which has oil and gas deposits.
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Washington is using Darfur's rebels,
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government garrisons after receiving new arms and supplies from abroad, gravely threatening Khartoum's hold on Darfur.
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Sudan, whose army is weak, raised local militias in Darfur to fight the rebels. Civilians were caught in the crossfire.
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The main enmity is between rebels, nomads, and farmers, tribes and clans. As in southern Sudan, most of the violence stems from land grabs, banditry, cattle-rustling, women stealing, and local vendettas.
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Document Page: Australia closes door to African refugees
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With a civil war that the US Government has described as genocide, Darfur in Sudan is producing some of the world's most desperate refugees.
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refugees from Africa, Australia has an obligation to take more from Iraq and Burma.
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Australia has slashed its refugee intake from Africa, from 70 per cent three years ago, to 30 per cent this year.
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Document Page: NEW HIV/AIDS INFECTIONS STILL RISING [PRESS RELEASE]
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today says African countries must continue to champion HIV prevention efforts to slow and reverse the rate of new HIV infections, and that HIV/AIDS will remain for the foreseeable future an unprecedented economic, social, and human challenge to sub-Saharan Africa.
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About 22.5 million Africans are HIV positive, and AIDS is the leading cause of premature death on the continent, especially among productive young people and women. As a result, some private firms in Southern Africa recruit two workers for every job in anticipation of losing staff to the disease.
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an estimated 11.4 million children under age 18 have lost at least one parent.
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we can't talk about better, lasting development there without also committing to stay the course in the long-term fight against the disease,
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at the global level, advising countries on how best to manage the complexity of the international financing they receive
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helping countries to accelerate implementation and take a long-term sustainable development response to HIV/AIDS
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trengthening the monitoring and evaluation capacity of countries to track the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of their HIV/AIDS response
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building up stronger health and fiduciary systems.
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amplify the importance of providing people with integrated health services.
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based on country demand and establish a grant incentive fund of $5 million annually to promote capacity building, analysis, and HIV/AIDS project components in key sectors such as health, education, transport, public sector management and other sectoral projects.
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at least $250 million a year for HIV/AIDS initiatives
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Document Page: No time for a crusade in Darfur
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30,000 have died and a million are said to be homeles
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are demanding armed action
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the US has been trying to overthrow for a decade.
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intensifying hostility to the isolated Khartoum regime
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a case of murderous government-backed Arab militias, called 'Janjaweed,' slaughtering helpless blacks.
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can Khartoum end the strife at will:
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Darfur is not a case of ethnic-religious terrorism, as in Kosovo and Bosnia. The real story is far more complex.
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One of the Islamic World's first anti-colonial movements, known in the west as the Dervishes, burst from the wastes of Darfur in the 1880's
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Dervishes drove the British imperialists from Sudan,
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But remote Darfur remained a hotbed of rebellion.
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two anti-Khartoum insurgencies simmered in Darfur
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CIA has reportedly supplied arms and money to Darfur's rebels. Washington recently developed interest in Chad, which has oil and gas deposits.
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to destabilize the Khartoum regime, whose policies have been deemed insufficiently pro-American and too Islamic.
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Washington is using Darfur's rebels,
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Sudan has oil, as well as that other precious commodity, water.
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launched widescale attacks on government garrisons after receiving new arms and supplies from abroad, gravely threatening Khartoum's hold on Darfur.
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Civilians were caught in the crossfire.
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Arab whites versus African blacks, all concerned are dark-skinned Sudanese Muslims
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rebels, nomads, and farmers, tribes and clans.
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n southern Sudan, most of the violence stems from land grabs, banditry, cattle-rustling, women stealing, and local vendettas.
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Darfur is certainly a humanitarian crisis meriting foreign aid and African Union troops to bring law and order that Sudan's overstretched army cannot provide
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prolonged that conflict and delayed a peace settlement for decades.
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Now, western intervention in Darfur
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could meet strong local resistance from Sudanese, an
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Continuing US attempts to overthrow Sudan's government are only making things worse. Allow Africa to solve its own problems.
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ABC-CLIO: World History: Modern: Entry Display
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the vast majority of Africans south of the Sahara Desert lived in small groups and supported themselves through farming, cattle raising, or hunting
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ongoing movement of people, mostly from north to south, contributed to the rise and fall of larger kingdoms
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coasts were subject to faster changes
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trading cities of the east coast had long-standing trade ties and cultural conflict with Arabs and other peoples of the Indian Ocean
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west and south engaged with the Europeans searching for a shortcut to the Indian Ocean trade
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avaged many communities close to the coasts
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well into the 19th century that Europeans colonized Africa,
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independent nations of the late 20th century are still working to recover.
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cataclysmic changes