"One of the most durable arguments for OA is that knowledge is and ought to be a public good. Here I don't want to restate or evaluate the whole argument, which is complex and has many threads. But I do want to pull at a few of those threads.

What is a public good? In the technical sense used by economists, a public good is non-rivalrous and non-excludable. A good is non-rivalrous when it's undiminished by consumption. We can all consume it without depleting it or becoming "rivals". Radio broadcasts are non-rivalrous; my reception doesn't block yours or vice versa. A good is non-excludable when consumption is available to all, and attempts to prevent consumption are generally ineffective. Radio broadcasts are non-excludable for people with the right equipment in the right area. Breathable air is non-excludable for this purpose even though a variety of barriers, from pollution to suffocation, could stop people from consuming it.

Knowledge is non-rivalrous. "

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knowledge commons

Text version of keynote presentation to 2009 Computers in Libraries conference. 4/1/09. See also supporting PowerPoint slides. This text is in the Public Domain. Video of me giving this presentation is at http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/1327813 less

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commons

Michel Bauwens' mindmap

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cooperation commons

o promote the common good, should helpers be rewarded, or should free riders be punished? Although the bulk of previous research has fingered punishment as the best enforcer, a new study published online today in Science found that rewards are more effective.

"Groups that used rewards got significantly higher payoffs than groups that punished," David Rand, a lead study author and postdoctoral researcher at Harvard University's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, said in a Science podcast.

He and his team used a classic public goods game to study how groups of volunteers encouraged the best outcome for the most people. In a series of monetary interactions, individuals decided how much money to contribute to a common pot, and they could then decide whether to reward good contributors or punish bad—both of which would entail spending money.

Previous public goods studies had focused on one-time interactions and found that people were more likely to swindle or punish others. But in situations where interactions were repeated, people found greater success in reward-based structures—in which those that contributed were rewarded and those who didn't were ignored—than those in which costly punishment was doled out to those who didn't contribute.

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commons cooperation collaboration

In addition to property rights, political theorists have proposed many other kinds of rights. All such rights must resolve into rights over physical things. When we speak of a right to free speech or a right to one's labor, for example, we really mean a right over one's own physical body. All rights, therefore, are ultimately property rights.

Ultimately, though we might speak of ownership over abstract things, it is only physical things, which can actually be fought over, that are owned. This we must keep in mind, for it is possible to sound reasonable and humane when discussing in abstract terms rights that would sound monstrous if they were described in terms of property.

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commons

Mindmap on issues arising from Tragedy of the Commons and commons management

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mindmapping commons cooperation

Many Americans know about the commons from Garrett Hardin’s essay, “The Tragedy of the Commons“. Hardin wasn’t a historian, but a population biologist, who was concerned with problems of population growth. Lewis argues that Hardin’s prediction - that individual economic maximization will destroy collective resources - is based on a fantasy of a commons. In reality, commons had serious limitations on rights. You could only cut wood between Christmas and February, for instance. And commons were local entites - locals could exclude those from outside the region. These customary use rights meant that commons weren’t tragic - in fact, they lasted for millenia in Europe. (I interjected here to ask why Hardin’s idea has had such currency. Lewis offers two speculative reasons why - it’s a great phrase, and it came out at a moment where the Cold War was in full swing, and Hardin’s idea was a strong defense of private capital against communism.) Lewis suggests a different way to look at the commons, quoting Carol Rose, who talks about “the comedic commons”, one with a happy ending. As such, the commons was a site of action, a space for citizens to act on their own rights.

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commons sharing_economy

Video: David Bollier's new book Viral Spiral: How the Commoners Built a Digital Republic of Their Own traces the origins of free software, Creative Commons licenses and the online “sharing economy”. At the Berkman Center Bollier examined how commoners assert differing notions of freedom, community boundaries, social norms and reliance on law to protect the integrity of their shared resources.

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commons sharing_economy

Blogs, wikis, and other Web 2.0 applications have become crucial tools for capturing and sharing information in distributed organisations. However, the power of these tools has not yet reached areas where Internet infrastructure or literacy lag behind.

The Oral Wiki is a phone-based wiki system that could serve as a networking tool to strengthen informal justice systems. It could archive case results and facilitate information sharing between the informal and formal justice systems. Because it is completely based on voice, participants who cannot read or write are able to contribute to and benefit from this resource.

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wiki commons ict public_sphere

Some brief portions of the document derive from or are copied verbatim from Core Public Engagement Principles -- Explanatory Text for Version 3.0 associated with the Public Engagement Principles Project forum at [//http://www.thataway.org/2009/pep_project/]

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collaboration commons

It should be obvious that intelligence is a social product, not just a union of ideas, but above all, of people. It’s not dificult to show that language - all forms of language and cultural signs - can only unfold on a social, or collective, horizon. Nobo

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knowledge cooperation collective_intelligence commons

“A world organized around centralized control. strict intellectual property rights, and hierarchies of credentialed experts is under siege. A radically different order of society based on open access, decentralized creativity, collaborative intelligence,

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cooperation collaboration oer collective_intelligence commons

Video about the commons 3:46

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community commons

This “free marketplace” is often regarded as a private sector, detached from government. But these market mechanisms are part of the social commons. The stock market and the banking system are human-created societal assets, with rules and systems that ide

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commons cooperation

the very notion of a "free-rider problem" is nonsensical when we're talking about a project like Wikipedia.

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commons cooperation wikipedia collaboration

The study of socio-technical phenomena is about understanding the intersections between technologies and social practices.

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technology web2.0 socialsoftware networks commons public_sphere

only way to prevent tragedies of the commons is to set up structures in advance that reward long-term thinking and punish short-term selfishness. This happens mostly among competitors who share long-term interests and have social relationships of trust

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commons cooperation

In this second part of P2P as a Way of Living , Bauwens looks at the political and economic foundations of peer-to-peer governance and democracy concepts of peer governance, production and property, analyzing their traits and characteristics.

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commons cooperation sharing_economy pmca

Markets may be changing from a logic of pure capitalism (making commodities for exchange, so as to increase capital), to logics where the logic of exchange is subsumed to the logic of partnership.

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pmca collaboration commons sharing_economy

International Journal of the Commons

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commons