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Sep

2008

Design for Emotion and Flow - Boxes and Arrows: The design behind the design

www.boxesandarrows.com/...design-for-emotion

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flow design arrows emotion ux usability paper

The psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1990) has described focused attention as “psychic energy”. Like energy in the traditional sense, no work can be done without it, and through work that energy is consumed. Most of us have experienced a mental/emotional state where all of our attention (or energy) is totally focused on an activity. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) named this state “flow,” based on how participants in his studies described the experience.
flow state can be classified into the three areas; 1. Causes of Flow 2. Characteristics of Flow 3. Consequences of Flow (Novak, Hoffman and Yung, 1999)
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- A clear goal
  Immediate feedback on the success of attempts to reach that goal
  A challenge you’re confident you have the skills to handle
- Loss of consciousness of self
  Distortions in the perception of time
  Activity is perceived as intrinsically rewarding
- The main elements designers can control are:
  Providing immediate feedback
  Balancing the perception of challenge against users’ skills
- he user navigates to accomplish a task, like seeking information on a particular topic or surfing for fun
- receives quick, sensory feedback in the form of a visual shift and/or sound from links, buttons, menus, or other navigation items.
- The opportunities for action are balanced with the user’s ability. At a basic level, this is accomplished by providing an uncluttered interface and eliminating unnecessary information to limit the user’s cognitive load.
- Flow and Emotion
- Flow tends to occur in situations with higher levels of challenge and skill. If the challenge is too easy, or user skill levels are very high, anxiety can be so low that there is little motivation to do anything. This level of activation or “arousal” in the body is the physiological (i.e., bodily) dimension of emotion. The level of arousal affects how intensely we experience a given emotion, and intense emotions demand our attention. In evolutionary terms,
- Both pleasant and unpleasant objects and experiences can increase arousal levels. Frustration and the excitement both increase arousal levels. So do large images, bright colors, and high contrast (van Gorp, 2006).
- Goal-directed vs. Experiential Use
  Different motivations for using a website require different designs to facilitate flow (Novak, Hoffman and Yung 1996). Novice users tend to see the Internet in a playful way, while more experienced users tend to view the Internet in a more utilitarian way (King 2003).
- Novice Users – Experiential use
  Less challenging
  More exploratory
  Entertainment-oriented
- Experienced Users – tendency towards Goal-directed use
  More challenging
  Less exploratory
  Connected with tasks (e.g. research, work and shopping)