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the top 800 UK & 1250 global companies by R&D investment
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document cité par Denis Randet pour expliquer le rôle important que joue les grands groupes dans la R&D

www.innovation.gov.uk/...006_rd_scoreboard_analysis.pdf - Preview

compétitivité statistiques comparaison internationale

22 May 08

OCDE Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007 : Highlights

comparaison internationale

pas mal de données sur des idées qui circulent

oberon.sourceoecd.org/...highlights.htm - Preview

statistiques ocde international

Investment in knowledge has grown at the same pace as GDP
In both Japan and the EU, R&D intensity (R&D expenditure relative to GDP) picked up in 2005 to 3.3% and 1.7%, respectively, following a drop in 2004. In the United States, R&D intensity declined from a peak of 2.7% in 2001 to 2.6% in 2006, mainly owing to stronger growth in GDP than in the other main regions. In 2005, China became the third R&D spender world wide (in purchasing power parity terms) after the United States and Japan, with growth of more than 18% a year in 2000-05.
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- Venture capital is a major source of funding for new technology-based firms and a decisive determinant of entrepreneurship and innovation. It represented about 0.12% of OECD-wide GDP in 2005, up from 0.10% in 2003. It was much higher in Nordic countries (and growing rapidly), but it still remains concentrated in the United Kingdom and the United States. In 2005, these two countries attracted half of all OECD venture capital.
- Innovation policies: increased focus on tax incentives and industry-university linkages
- In 2006, 20 OECD countries offered tax relief for R&D compared to 12 in 1995
- many OECD governments have encouraged universities to patent their inventions
- While decreasing slightly, to about 7%, in the countries that pioneered such policies (Australia, Canada and the United States), the share has increased markedly in Japan and the European Union, notably in France and in Germany, although levels remain modest (1.5% in Japan, 3% in the EU, but more than 5% in France).
- Co-operation between industry and public research institutions
- The Nordic countries (especially Finland) and Belgium are ahead of other countries
- S&T and innovation performance: the rise of new players
- In terms of specialisation, patent data show that emerging economies (India, China, Israel, Singapore) and the United States focus their innovative efforts on high-technology industries (computers, pharmaceuticals) while continental Europe concentrates on medium-high-technology industries (automobiles, chemicals).
- Innovation surveys show that large firms have a greater tendency to innovate than small ones.
- California and Tokyo are by far the most inventive regions in ICT and biotechnology
- The United States has the most biotechnology firms (close to 2 200), followed by Japan and France (around 800 each). In most countries, biotechnology represents 2 to 6% of business R&D but the share is higher in the United States, Switzerland and Canada, and above all in some smaller countries where it exceeds 20% (Denmark, New Zealand, Iceland).
- The United States and Japan have a comparative advantage in biotechnology and nanotechnology patenting and in the relevant scientific fields, while the EU is the world leader in environment-related technologies (solid waste, renewable energy and motor vehicle abatement), with Germany playing a very active role. Japan is second to the EU in all three environmental technology fields. However, while patenting in renewable energy and motor vehicle abatement has been increasing rapidly since the mid-1990s, patenting in solid waste technologies has declined.
- High- and medium-high-technology manufacturing accounts for significant shares of exports from Ireland, Japan and Switzerland (shares of over 75%) as well as from Germany, Hungary, Korea and the United States. Among the BRIICS (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), these industries' exports are most important in China and Brazil, accounting for 55 and 32%, respectively, of total exports of manufactured and primary products. Because of the globalisation of value chains, a economy such as China imports more high-technology goods than it exports; much of these imports are components that are assembled in Chinese factories.