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25 Nov 09

Islam in England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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there has been contact between the English and Muslims for many centuries
the decision of Offa, the eighth-century King of Mercia (one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms existing at that time), to have a coin minted with an Islamic inscription - largely a copy of coins issued by the contemporary Muslim ruler, Caliph Al-Mansur.
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- Muslim scholarship, especially early Islamic philosophy and Islamic science, was well-known through Latin translation among the learned in England by 1386,
- In the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, there is among the pilgrims wending their way to Canterbury, a 'Doctour of Phisyk' whose learning included Rhazes (Al-Razi), Avicenna (Ibn Sina, Arabic ابن سينا) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd, Arabic ابن رشد). In the Pardoner's Tale, Chaucer mentions part Avicenna's work concerning poisons.^[3] Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (1025), in Latin translation, was a standard text for medical students up until the 18th century.^[4] Roger Bacon, one of the earliest European advocates of the scientific method,^[5] was inspired by the works of early Muslim scientists.^[6]^[7] In particular, his work on optics in the 13th century was largely based on the Book of Optics (1021) by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen).^[8]
- Islamic architecture also exerted some influence on the architecture of England, particularly English Gothic architecture. Certain elements of Gothic architecture, such as the ogive or pointed arch, were adopted from the Islamic world.^[16] Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, such as the Islamic presence in Spain, the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090 and the Crusades which began in 1096 brought the knowledge of this significant structural device to Medieval Europe.^[17]
- The Muslim Moors had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England around 1600.^[24] A portrait was painted of one of the Moorish ambassadors, Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun, who had come to promote an Anglo-Moroccan alliance.
- Besides scientific and philosophical literature, works of Arabic fictional literature were also translated into Latin and English during the 17th and 18th centuries. The most famous one was the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), which was first translated into English in 1706 and has since then had a profound influence on English literature. Another famous work was Ibn Tufail's philosophical novel^[25]^[26] Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, which was translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671 and then into English by Simon Ockley in 1708. The English translation of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, set on a desert island, may have inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, considered the first novel in English, in 1719.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30] Later translated literary works include Layla and Majnun and Ibn al-Nafis' Theologus Autodidactus.
- By the time of Union with Scotland in 1707, only small numbers of Muslims were living in England. The first large group of Muslims to arrive, in the 18th century, were lascars (sailors) recruited from the Indian subcontinent (largely from the Bengal region) to work for the British East India Company, most of whom settled down and took local wives.^[31] Due to the majority being lascars, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the Sylhet Division of what is now Bangladesh. One of the most famous early Bengali Muslim immigrants to England was Sake Dean Mahomet, a captain of the British East India Company who in 1810 founded London's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed for introducing shampoo and therapeutic massage to the United Kingdom.^[32] The practice of Islam in the United Kingdom was legalized by the Trinitarian Act 1812.
- 40 percent of Muslims live in London
- Matar, Nabil Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery, Columbia University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-231-11015-4

Interdisciplinarity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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interdisciplinarity wikipedia

a field of study that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions have emerged
within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that cut across several established disciplines
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- focus on problems thought to be too complex or vast for adequate understanding with a single disciple.
- applied where the subject is felt to have been neglected or even misrepresented in the traditional disciplinary structure of research institutions, for example, women's studies or ethnic area studies.
- used in educational circles when researchers from two or more disciplines pool their approaches and modify them so that they are better suited to the problem at hand,

16 Nov 09

History painting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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history painting wikipedia

History painting, as formulated in 1667 by André Félibien, a historiographer, architect and theoretician of French classicism, was in the hierarchy of genres considered to be the grand genre.
the painting of scenes with narrative content from classical history, Christian history, and mythology, as well as depicting the historical events of the near past
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- paintings with religious, mythological, historical, literary, or allegorical subjects--they embodied some interpretation of life or conveyed a moral or intellectual message.
- historical events chosen would be iconographic, not only depicting important events, but ones of particular significance to the painter's society, as for instance, the signing of the declaration of independence in American history painting. The event, if suitable, does not need to have actually occurred, and artists have frequently taken great liberties with historical facts in order to portray the message desired.
- The gods and goddesses from the ancient mythologies represented different aspects of the human psyche, figures from religions represented different ideas, and history, like the other sources, represented a dialectic or play of ideas. For a long time, especially during the French Revolution, history painting often focused on depiction of the heroic male nude; though this waned into the 19th century.
- Other artists depicted scenes, regardless of when they occurred, in classical dress.
- he was firmly instructed to use classical attire by many people
- inaugurating a more historically accurate style in such paintings
- historicism, which marked a formal imitation of historical styles and/or artists
- mid-nineteenth-century
- the blending of this genre with that known as genre painting
- the depiction of scenes of everyday life
- events of great public importance were supplemented with scenes depicting more personal incidents in the lives of the great, or the everyday life in historical settings.
- connected the change with the moral messages conveyed by the public events; they asserted that moral messages were also instructive in the ordinary life, and indeed, were even superior because more people would be able to apply the lesson implicit in a depiction of family life than in one of a heroic death on the battle field.
- A history painter is not only a painter of historical motifs but depicts, in a "grand" style, man in general, and particularly the great events of Greek and Roman fable and history, the capital subjects of scripture history, a scene from a great literary work, or a famous event in the life of a baroque potentate. The subject commonly ought to be either some instance of heroic action or heroic suffering, with characters painted in classical poses.
- History painting was the dominant form of academic painting (the painting that came from the various national academies) in the 19th century, in particular, but also in the post-revolutionary France as well
- The Impressionists rejected all historical subjects and tableau
- the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in England focused on subjects from national literature and myth, rather than classical subjects.
- humble subjects and pure sensation

10 Nov 09

Comparative mythology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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mythology wikipedia theory campbell comparative

09 Nov 09

Aesthetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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philosophy painting aesthetics wikipedia

From the late 17th to the early 20th century Western aesthetics underwent a slow revolution into what is often called modernism
For Hegel all culture is a matter of "absolute spirit" coming to be manifest to itself, stage by stage.
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- For Schopenhauer aesthetic contemplation of beauty is the most free that the pure intellect can be from the dictates of will; here we contemplate perfection of form without any kind of worldly agenda, and thus any intrusion of utility or politics would ruin the point of the beauty.
- Post-modern aesthetics and psychoanalysis
- Early twentieth century artists, poets and composers challenged the assumption that beauty was central to art and aesthetics
- Jean-François Lyotard re-invokes the Kantian distinction between taste and the sublime. Sublime painting, unlike kitsch realism, "...will enable us to see only by making it impossible to see; it will please only by causing pain."^[28]^[29]

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