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Basic human values
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Values are defined as "desirable, trans-situational goals, varying in
importance, that serve as guiding principles in people's lives." -
there is an internal order and structure to values. Using various statistical
techniques, Schwartz has found that the ten basic human values show a pattern of
relationships that can be graphed as a circle (see below). Values that are next
to each other are closely related; values that are across from each other tend
to be opposed, or tend not to be strongly endorsed by the same person. Political
liberals have been found to endorse the "openness to change" values, while
conservatives are more likely to endorse the "conservation" values. We have put
this - 1 more annotations...
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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having loving feelings for "other people" may be an adaptive empathic response
that has psychological benefits
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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cognitive style or the tendency to think in a systematic/rational versus
a heuristic/experiential way. Increasingly psychologists and cognitive
scientists are recognizing that humans process information using two different
ways of thinking, or cognitive systems. When individuals are using the
systematic/rational system their thinking is careful, deliberate, and thorough.
It obeys the rules of logic and it usually produces the correct answer to a
problem. However, for most everyday tasks such thinking is too slow and
effortful. In contrast, heuristic/experiential thinking, as the name suggests,
relies on mental short-cuts which are quick and effortless, but may sometimes
lead to suboptimal decisions. This type of thinking relies on previous
experience, intuitions, and emotions when arriving at a decision and it tends to
be quick and effortless. Rather than reflect upon the various considerations or
use logic, individuals in this system form a global impression of the issue by
conjuring up vivid and emotional images of objects or events and use them to
guide their judgments. -
Whether one uses systematic of heuristic thinking depends on factors such as
one's motivation to be accurate, the importance of the task, and the
availability of mental resources (e.g whether there are other distractions in
the environment or wehther the person is very tired). We will not be able to
function effectively if we relied solely on systematic or solely on heuristic
thinking, and one is not better than the other. Both cognitive styles can be
appropriate at different times for different tasks. However, individuals do tend
to prefer one over the other. That is, some individuals rely heavily on the
systematic/rational system, analyzing issues carefully and systematically in all
situations. Others tend to prefer the heuristic/experiential system, deriving
decisions from intuition, emotions, and "common sense". They tend to endorse
statements such as: “I believe in trusting my gut feelings and hunches”.The reason why we are interested in individuals' proclivity for
systematic/rational vs heuristic/experiential thinking is because it may help us
understand how information processing affects moral judgments and decisions, as
well as perhaps ideological stands on a variety of issues.
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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"fairness" may be a word which encompasses a number of concepts and that
different people may be individually sensitive to different ideas when
determining whether something is fair or unfair. Among the concepts that we are
exploring are:
* Procedural Justice - Fairness is a function of how a
decision is made rather than the outcome.
* Equality/Need - Fairness is a
function of how equally people are treated and if their needs are being
met.
* Equity - Fairness is a function of people who contribute more getting
their just reward.
* Retributional Justice - Fairness is a function of people
being punished for bad behavior.
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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Individualist cultures tend to emphasize self-reliance, independence and
(sometimes) competition. Individual needs take precedence over the needs of the
group and the self is seen as a unique and separate entity. Collectivist
cultures, on the other hand, tend to emphasize cooperation, and (sometimes)
equality. Group needs take precedence over individual needs and the self is seen
as a member of a group. -
It has been argued by some theorists (originally Carol Gilligan) that women have
a more interdependent sense of self, and they feel their connections to others
more strongly. You can see if this prediction holds up in the graph below. We
are also interested in how this trait may relate to politics. We suspect that
there is no simple relationship between individualism-collectivism and
liberalism-conservatism. There are ways of being an individualist liberal and of
being an individualist conservative. We will also examine the relationship
between scores on this test and scores on the Moral Foundations Questionnaire,
which you probably took earlier, to see if those "five foundations of morality"
reveal a more nuanced relationship between morality and
individualism-collectivism.
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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societies tend to be stratified by age, sex, race, and other group differences.
People vary in how legitimate they think such stratification is. Males (and
other groups with more power) tend to be more in favor of such differences, and
to enforce them more actively. Sex hormones may also play a role: Men with high
testosterone levels tend to have higher SDO scores. Political conservatives
generally score higher on SDO than do liberals, but SDO and conservatism are not
the same thing.
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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each of us posesses a justice motive which manifests itself in a desire to
believe that the world is just to varying degrees. This belief helps us deal
with injustice and allows us to invest in our futures in the hopes of being
justly rewarded. We are interested in seeing how belief in a just world
interacts with politics.
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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The scale is a measure of an individual's desire
to seek a firm answer to any given question and to avoid uncertainty and
ambiguity. People with high need for cognitive closure tend to "seize" on
information that allows them to form an option about an issue and then "freeze"
on that opinion, thus allowing little room for new information to affect their
judgment. As with most other psychological phenomena, cognitive closure is a
coin with two sides. On one hand, a strong need for congitive closure can lead
to inflexible thinking, closed-mindedness, and rejection of important new
information. On the other hand, need for closure allows the human mind to "pick
a course and stick with it", so that it can move to other important matters. As
the creator of the concept Arie Kruglanski states: "Without it, we would be
forever suspended in a limbo of non-belief, incapable of crystallizing a single
judgment or undertaking a single decision." The construct of Need for Cognitive
Closure does seem to capture one element of popular stereotypes about
conservatives being less flexible and intellectual, whereas liberals are seen to
be less decisive and more "wishy-washy."
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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Openness to experience: High scorers are described as "Open to new experiences.
You have broad interests and are very imaginative." Low scorers are described as
"Down-to-earth, practical, traditional, and pretty much set in your ways." This
is the sub-scale that shows the strongest relationship to politics: liberals
generally score high on this trait; they like change and variety, sometimes just
for the sake of change and variety. Conservatives generally score lower on this
trait. -
Conscientiousness: High scorers are described as "conscientious and well
organized. They have high standards and always strive to achieve their goals.
They sometimes seem uptight. Low scorers are easy going, not very well organized
and sometimes rather careless. They prefer not to make plans if they can help
it." - 5 more annotations...
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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Moral beauty refers to any action that displays virtue -- acts of love, courage,
loyalty, or generosity, for example, often produce in observers a distinct
pattern of physical feelings (often in the chest) and social motives (such as to
copy the person who did the good deed). Haidt (2003) has called this feeling
"moral elevation," drawing on a description of the feeling from Thomas
Jefferson. -
The idea behind the scale is that philosophers and
psychologists have long been intrigued by the connection between beauty and
virtue. Are those who are more "sensitive" to beauty and ugliness in the
physical world also more sensitive to beauty or ugliness in the social world?
Immanuel Kant said "A direct interest in the beauty of nature is always a mark
of a good soul." Kant surely overstated things -- Hitler seems to have been
quite fond of the natural beauty of Germany. Nonetheless, Diessner has found
that scores on the EBS do correlate with scores on measures of gratitude,
spiritual transcendence, and happiness. Diessner created the EBS in part to
investigate whether feelings of moral elevation (in response to moral beauty)
are related to the feelings of spiritual uplift that many people report in
response to viewing natural and artistic beauty.
Morality Quiz/Test your Morals, Values & Ethics - Your Morals.Org
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measure of an individual's "attachment style" in romantic relationships. It
yields scores on two dimensions of attachment that together explain a lot of the
variability in how people relate to their romantic partners. The first
dimensions is called attachment-related Anxiety and it represents the
extent to which an individual is secure vs. insecure about whether his/her
partner will be available and responsive to his/her needs. A high score on
attachment anxiety suggests that a person is afraid of rejection and
abandonment. The second dimension is called attachment-related Avoidance
and it represents the extent to which an individual is uncomfortable being
close to others vs. secure and comfortable with depending on others. A high
score on avoidance suggests that a person likes to keep his/her distance in
romantic relationships and strongly dislikes depending on a romantic partner. -
connection between moral values and attachment, as well as between political
ideology and attachment
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