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03 Jan 09

Clark on Burke/Identification/Rhetorical Criticism

  • one does not want merely to outwit the opponent, or to study him,

    one wants to be affected by him . . . --in brief, to learn from him
  • People use

    language in social life and identification is unavoidable. But because

    we can learn to choose from among identifications, some instances

    of persuasion can be avoided. Persuasion, Burke writes in A Rhetoric

    of Motives    , is enacted in a transformation of one's perception and

    attitude, and the elements of that process of transformation are identifications

    (46). Consequently, we should learn to defer consent to the transformations

    that would render a particular discursive act functionally persuasive

    by first locating the identifications it entails and then choosing from

    among them which ones to accept. In his essay on education this becomes

    a method that takes the form of two questions: "you begin by asking

    yourself 'what equals what in this text?' And then, next, you ask 'what

    follows what in this text?'"
  • 2 more annotations...
29 Dec 08

Niccolò Machiavelli (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

  • Machiavelli presents a trenchant criticism of the concept of authority
    by arguing that the notion of legitimate rights of rulership adds
    nothing to the actual possession of power. The Prince purports
    to reflect the self-conscious political realism of an author
    who is fully aware—on the basis of direct experience with the
    Florentine government—that goodness and right are not sufficient
    to win and maintain political office.

Political Realism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]

  • Political
    realism in essence reduces to the political-ethical principle that
    might is right. The theory has a long history, being evident in
    Thucydides' Pelopennesian War. It was expanded on by
    Machiavelli in The Prince, and others such as Thomas Hobbes,
    Spinoza, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau followed (the theory was given
    great dramatical portrayed in Shakespeare's Richard III). In
    the late nineteenth century it underwent a new incarnation in the form
    of social darwinism,

Machiavelli on the Net: A short introduction

  • Particularly the ending of the book
    has been interpreted by some to mean Machiavelli’s ideal was a unified Italy,
    and that he justifies his immoral advice with patriotic aims.

Machiavelli - THE FACTS

  • Machiavelli placed a number of restrictions on evil actions. First, he specified
    that the only acceptable end was the stabilization & health of the state;
    individual power for its own sake is not an acceptable end & does not justify
    evil actions. Second, Machiavelli does not dispense entirely with morality nor
    advocate wholesale selfishness or degeneracy. Instead he clearly lays out his
    definition of, for example, the criteria for acceptable cruel actions (it must
    be swift, effective, & short-lived).
05 Dec 08

About Folklore: Alan Dundes Obituary

  • "He
    virtually constructed the field of modern folklore studies and trained many of its most distinguished scholars.
  • he also studied contemporary cartoons, poems,
    jokes and other lore passed along from one person to another. In his book, "Never Try to Teach a Pig to Sing," he
    and co-author Carl Pagter analyzed modern folklore including T-shirt slogans, ethnic and sexual remarks, scatalogical humor,
    and exchanges distributed via office photocopy machines.
  • 2 more annotations...
27 Nov 08

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

  • About 1591 he formed a friendship with the Earl of Essex, from whom he received many tokens of kindness ill requited. In 1593 the offices of Attorney-general, and subsequently of Solicitor-general became vacant, and Essex used his influence on Bacon's behalf, but unsuccessfully, the former being given to Coke, the famous lawyer. These disappointments may have been owing to a speech made by Bacon on a question of subsidies. To console him for them Essex presented him with a property at Twickenham, which he subsequently sold for £1800, equivalent to a much larger sum now.
  • By 1601 Essex had lost the Queen's favour, and had raised his rebellion, and Bacon was one of those appointed to investigate the charges against him, and examine witnesess, in connection with which he showed an ungrateful and indecent eagerness in pressing the case against his former friend and benefactor, who was executed on Feb. 25, 1601. This act Bacon endeavoured to justify in A Declaration of the Practices and Treasons, etc., of...the Earl of Essex, etc.

http://www.whitworth.edu/core/classes/co250/UK/Data/d_bacon.htm

  • Once, he publicly opposed
    the queen and lost his high position. Subsequently, however, he supported
    the queen's decision to hang his best friend. His motivations and his reasonings
    in this case have frequently been debated.
  • After the
    death of Queen Elizabeth I and the ascension of James I, Bacon's star
    rose once more. He was made Solicitor-General in 1607 and six years later
    Attorney-General; in 1617, he was given his father's former position,
    Lord Keeper of the Great Seal; the following year he was named Lord Chancellor
    and the Baron Verulam. During the reign of James I, Bacon also wrote his
    two most important philosophical works. The first, The Advancement
    of Learning     (1605)

Calvin Boardman, Francis Bacon : Department of Finance

  • Bacon was elected to the House of Commons in 1584. He served until 1614. During his time in the House he wrote letters of advice to Elizabeth I, Queen of England, but his suggestions were never implemented. When he opposed a bill for a royal subsidy in 1593, he lost favor with the queen.

Baconian method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  • Bacon also listed what he called the Idols of The Mind. He described these as things which obstructed the path of correct scientific reasoning.
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