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03 Aug 09

Electronic Journals and Changes in Scholarly Article Seeking and Reading Patterns

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scholars reading e-journals citations serendipity

Readings from library-provided electronic journals has increased substantially, while readings of older articles have recently increased somewhat. Ironically, reading patterns have broadened with electronic journals at the same time citing patterns have narrowed.
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- While the average number of article readings per scientist is increasing, the average time spent per reading is declining. In the 2005 surveys, scientists reported spending an average of 31 minutes per reading, down from 48 minutes in 1977. Multiplying the average time spent per reading by the number of article readings shows that the total commitment to reading by U.S. science faculty increases from approximately 120 hours annually in 1977 to 144 hours annually in 2005. It appears that the amount of time available for reading scientific articles may be reaching a maximum capacity.
- The number of readings increased by an estimated 130 readings per scientist from 1977 to 2005. The "other sources" increased by about 20 readings (from 23 to 43), which might be attributable to open access initiatives since the current 43 readings are 11 from preprints; 19 copies provided by authors, colleagues, etc.; 4 from an author website and 2 from other websites (plus 7 from an unspecified source). Reading from personal subscriptions decreased about 27 readings per faculty scientist. Some of the decrease represents a drop in personal subscriptions, but most is attributable to less reading per subscription (i.e., about 21 readings per subscription in 1977 to 15 in 2005). Most remarkable is that readings from library-provided articles increased by 137 readings, which is comparable to the net increase in readings overall (130 readings). Much of this increase is due to electronic journal or aggregation collections in libraries.
- Over half of readings in 2005 are from electronic sources (59.5% vs. 40.5% from print sources). However, as shown in Figure 3, personal subscription readings frequently continue to be from print issues. On the other hand, most library-provided articles and other sources are read from electronic versions.
- The most frequent principal purpose of reading is research (48.5% of readings), followed by teaching (22.5%), writing (articles, reports, proposals, etc. – 10.8%), and current awareness/keeping up (8.0%).
- Articles published in 2005 (prior to October/November when the surveys were done) were largely identified through browsing (52.6%), but as the articles became older, readers more frequently became aware of them by other means. Articles published prior to 1996 were mostly identified through citations (46.9%) and searching (32.8%).
- While citing patterns may be narrowing, reading patterns are not. This is due to several differences between why scientists read and why they cite articles.
  
  Reading is done for many purposes: current awareness, teaching, and administrative in addition to research and writing. Only those readings for research and writing are cited.
  Scientists read many articles for every one that they cite. Choosing the best article to cite may be subject to peer pressure in the form of choosing more often to cite those that are cited by others. Following citation links in electronic journal articles may have proportionately more influence on citation behavior than reading behavior.

Electronic Publication and the Narrowing of Science and Scholarship -- Evans 321 (5887): 395 -- Science

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e-journals scholars citations serendipity

The forcedbrowsing of print archives may have stretched scientists andscholars to anchor findings deeply into past and present scholarship.Searching online is more efficient and following hyperlinksquickly puts researchers in touch with prevailing opinion, butthis may accelerate consensus and narrow the range of findingsand ideas built upon.
the three most common practicesused by scientists and scholars who publish. First, most expertsbrowse or briefly scan a small number of core journals in printor online to build awareness of current research (6). Afterrelevant articles are discovered online, these are often printedand perused in depth on paper (7). A second practice is to searchby topic in an online article database. In recent years, thepercentage of papers read as a result of browsing has droppedand been replaced by the results of online searches, especiallyfor the most productive scientists and scholars (8). Finally,subject experts use hyperlinks in online articles to view referencedor related articles (6). Disciplinary differences exist. Forexample, biologists prefer to browse online, whereas medicalprofessionals place a premium on purchasing and browsing inprint. In sum, researchers peruse in print, browse in printor online (9), and search and follow citations online.
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- Collectively, the models presented illustrate that as journalarchives came online, either through commercial vendors or freely,citation patterns shifted. As deeper backfiles became available,more recent articles were referenced; as more articles becameavailable, fewer were cited and citations became more concentratedwithin fewer articles. These changes likely mean that the shiftfrom browsing in print to searching online facilitates avoidanceof older and less relevant literature. Moreover, hyperlinkingthrough an online archive puts experts in touch with consensusabout what is the most important prior work—what workis broadly discussed and referenced. With both strategies, expertsonline bypass many of the marginally related articles that printresearchers skim. If online researchers can more easily findprevailing opinion, they are more likely to follow it, leadingto more citations referencing fewer articles.
- Agents viewothers' choices as relevant information—a signal of quality—andfactor them into their own reading and citation selections.By enabling scientists to quickly reach and converge with prevailingopinion, electronic journals hasten scientific consensus. Buthaste may cost more than the subscription to an online archive:Findings and ideas that do not become consensus quickly willbe forgotten quickly.
- This research ironically intimates that one of the chief valuesof print library research is poor indexing.

20 Dec 07

Critique de la raison universitaire - La vie des idées

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france media scholars scholarship

L’opuscule de Geoffroy de Lagasnerie part d’un paradoxe où l’on est tenté de voir une contradiction : les mêmes intellectuels – Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze et Pierre Bourdieu en l’occurrence – qui firent le procès de l’académisme universitaire et de son caractère « conservateur et répressif » dans les années 1960 et au début des années 1970, se révélèrent, à partir de la fin des années 1970, les plus rudes adversaires du système médiatique, et ce au nom du savoir et de l’institution universitaires.
Deux dates semblent jouer un rôle moteur dans ce revirement : 1975 et 1976. 1975, c’est la naissance de l’émission de télévision Apostrophes qui va s’imposer rapidement comme le lieu où se font les réputations et les succès éditoriaux ; 1976, c’est la naissance des « nouveaux philosophes » dont la notoriété se construit presque entièrement dans la presse.
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- Il s’agit de réagir à une conjoncture qui menace leur situation acquise, car la nouvelle « capacité des médias à incarner un pouvoir alternatif de consécration » est « susceptible de produire un brouillage très puissant des hiérarchies intellectuelles ». « N’est-ce pas une sorte d’habitus intellectuel commun, confronté à un changement radical de l’ordre culturel, qui s’est exprimé dans leurs analyses (…) ? » Bref, Bourdieu, Derrida, Deleuze et Foucault auraient voulu réaffirmer leur monopole sur les choses intellectuelles et défendre une rente chèrement acquise.
- c’est bien souvent par une sorte de fidélité à leurs idées premières que G. de Lagasnerie s’en prend au cantonnement universitaire dont Foucault, Deleuze, Derrida et Bourdieu se firent les champions. Il fait fonctionner leurs œuvres comme une machine de guerre contre l’apologie des normes du champ académique et réveillent contre leurs auteurs toute l’énergie critique qu’elles contiennent.
- La réflexion de G. de Lagasnerie ne sacrifie cependant jamais à une forme de romantisme de la création libre et inspirée contre les diktats de l’institution. Elle invite au contraire à « penser relationnellement », à observer ce qui se joue à la frontière des « champs », quitte à faire exploser les barrières qui séparent le monde savant du monde profane. Si l’on veut critiquer ce cheminement, ce n’est pas la « communauté scientifique » qu’il faut défendre contre la « communauté des hérétiques », mais l’appareil argumentatif qu’il emprunte si habilement à ses figures maîtresses et singulièrement à Bourdieu.

16 Dec 07

Pooling Scholars’ Digital Resources

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digital_repositories scholars zotero

an effort at George Mason University seeks to bypass libraries entirely and delve into scholars’ file cabinets instead.
n partnership with the Internet Archive, and with funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the center is creating a way for scholars to upload existing data files to be optically scanned (to make them text-searchable) and stored in a database available to the public. Since only works in the public domain can be made available in that way, scholars will have to complete an online form with legal assurances.
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- The vehicle for the new environment will be the Zotero plug-in for the Firebox browser, also developed by the center.
- A new feature of the plug-in will allow people to collaborate and share materials through a dedicated server.
- Converting digital documents to an easily searchable and accessible format is not a trivial task for many scholars, and providing the OCR services for free will be a major draw, Cohen predicted.

26 Nov 07

bibapp - Google Code

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bibliograpy google open_science recherch_2.0 research scholars social_network tool

The BibApp is an 'Institutional Bibliography'. The service matches people with citations. Once the data is captured, Librarians look for archivable works and can engage people in personalized copyright instruction.