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The velocity of money equation represents the heart of the quantity theory of money. By understanding how velocity mitigates the actions of the Fed in the long run and in the short run, we can gain a thorough understanding of the value of money and inflation.

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economics velocity of money money supply

Let’s look at how the multiplier effect works. All banks are required to keep a certain percentage of deposits on reserve at the Fed. This prevents an infinite multiplier. For example, if the reserve requirement is 10%, banks can lend out 90% of their deposits. Let’s say the Fed injects $100 into the money supply by buying treasuries from Bank A. Bank A then lends $90 to a business that deposits it in Bank B. Bank B then lends $81 to a consumer who writes checks which are deposited in Bank C. Then Bank C lends $72.90 which is deposited in another bank. Already the Fed’s $100 injection increased the money supply by $253.90. So far the multiplier is about 2.5. The Fed is claiming that the velocity is currently very low so its moves must be more dramatic.

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money velocity M1 money supply

“Excessively cheap money in the US was a driver of today’s crisis,” she told the German parliament. “I am deeply concerned about whether we are now reinforcing this trend through measures being adopted in the US and elsewhere and whether we could find ourselves in five years facing the exact same crisis.”

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