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The most important differences are:



• The screen size of the iPhone (320x480) is much smaller than even the smallest target
  application for a desktop Web application. The iPhone screen also has a significantly
  different aspect ratio from a typical desktop or laptop monitor.
• The pixel density of an iPhone is much greater than a desktop
  monitor, allowing small text to be read somewhat more easily and somewhat changing the relative size of images.
• Users can rotate the Mobile Safari view 90 degrees, changing the size and, more importantly, the aspect ratio of the screen.
• The touch-screen interface to Mobile Safari is less precise than a mouse interface,
  meaning that targets like buttons and links should be larger and farther apart than would be necessary in a desktop application.
• An iPhone is often used under slow network conditions. However, users have a strong expectation that the responses to their actions will be nearly instant.

There are two primary options for giving your Web application an iPhone look and feel:



• Add your own CSS and JavaScript to your site based on Apple's sample code or other good-looking sites.
• Use a pre-existing toolkit.

To serve your mobile users, your Rails application needs to manage the
following:



• Detecting when a user accesses the site using an iPhone or an iPod touch.
• Allowing the user to freely switch between the mobile and regular versions of the site.
• Using a different layout for Mobile Safari users, including separate Cascading
  Style Sheets (CSS) files and, possibly, JavaScript libraries.
• Serving different content to mobile users.

如果说 stub 提供了一个简化的真实世界模拟，那么 mock 可以做更多。有时，简单的模拟真实世界还不够。在测试时，需要确保代码能正确使用 API。例如，您可能会想要验证本地数据库应用程序是否打开了连接、执行了查询，并随后关闭了此连接。您也会想要验证控制器是否在一个模型对象上实际调用了 save。所以，mock 对象必须建立预期和行为。

Rails 有至少有 3 个 mock 库可用：Mocha、FlexMock 和 RSpec。