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ConsumerReports.org - Digital cameras: How to choose

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more fromwww.consumerreports.org

Most
models let you shoot an image every few seconds, but a few make you wait 5 seconds or more
We think it's more convenient to own a camera that accepts
AA batteries.
a full complement of manual controls that you determine the shutter speed
and lens opening
Two of the more important capabilities are a
zoom range of 5x to 10x or more,
But to enlarge the image more or enlarge only part of it, you'll want a 6- to 8-megapixel
camera.
If you mainly want to make 4x6 snapshots, a camera with a 3- or 4-megapixel
resolution will be fine
Professional digital cameras use as many as 14 megapixels.

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Burst (Continuous): Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Buffer: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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AF Servo: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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AF Assist Lamp: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Dynamic Range: Digital Imaging: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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AD Converter: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Pixels: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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EXIF: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Effective Pixels: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Color Filter Array: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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White Balance: Digital Imaging: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Firmware: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Sensor Linearity: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Sensor Sizes: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Pixel Quality: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review

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Dynamic Range

The size of the pixel location and the fill factor determine the size of the photodiode and this has a big impact on the dynamic range.
Higher quality sensors are more accurate and will be able to output a larger dynamic range which can be preserved when storing the pixel values into a RAW image file. A variant of the Fujifilm Super CCD, the Super CCD SR uses two photodiodes per pixel location with the objective to increase the dynamic range. A more sensitive photodiode measures the shadows, while a less sensitive photodiode measures the highlights.
Conventional sensors using a color filter array have only one photodiode per pixel location and will display some color inaccuracies around the edges because the missing pixels in each color channel are estimated based on demosaicing algorithms. Increasing the number of pixel locations on the sensor will reduce the visibility of these artifacts. Foveon sensors have three photodetectors per pixel location and create therefore a higher color accuracy by eliminating the demosaicing artifacts. Unfortunately their sensitivities are currently lower than conventional sensors and the technology is only available in a few cameras.
The marketing race for "more megapixels" would like us to believe that "more is better". Unfortunately, it's not that simple. The number of pixels is only one of many factors affecting image quality and more pixels is not always better.
The quality of a pixel value can be described in terms of geometrical accuracy, color accuracy, dynamic range, noise, and artifacts. The quality of a pixel value depends on the number of photodetectors that were used to determine it, the quality of the lens and sensor combination, the size of the photodiode(s), the quality of the camera components, the level of sophistication of the in-camera imaging processing software, the image file format used to store it, etc.