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13 Jul 09
Cognitive tuning sets: Anticipating the consequences of communication
B. Guerin & J. M. Innes
(1) Department of Behavioural Sciences, James Cook University
(2) University of Adelaide, Australia
Accepted: 1 June 1989
Abstract This paper reviews the literature on cognitive tuning sets: the expectations of having to transmit or receive information. It is shown that having to transmit information leads to a unified and distorted summary being transmitted, a reluctance to receive additional information, a rejection of inconsistent information, and a shaping of the material to accommodate the anticipated audience. As well, the opinions of the transmitters become polarized. It is argued that the receiver condition is probably not the correct control group to use since the outcome depends on the uncontrolled perceived goals. It is suggested that future research should probably treat the multiple effects of cognitive tuning sets separately. An integrated explanation is given in terms of anticipating the consequences of communication.
CSR as contractarian model of multi-stakeholder corporate governance and the game-theory of its implementation
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is here defined as a multi-stakeholder model of corporate governance and fiduciary duties naturally emerging from a critical assessment of the incomplete contracts view of the firm based on concepts like as authority and residual rights of control. As far as the normative point of view is concerned, multi-stakeholder fiduciary duties are deduced from a theory of the firm's stakeholders Social Contract. This provide for a clear cut and calculable objective function, a criterion for governance and strategic management no less able to set a bottom-line to the firm management than the profit maximization principle. The theory of co-operative bargaining games, and the Nash bargaining solution in particular, provides the key concepts. By the way this also answers some criticisms raised by Michael Jensen (2001) against the notion of stakeholders value. As far as implementation of the normative model is concerned, four roles of voluntary but explicit CSR norms or social standard are presented in terms of a non-cooperative game theory of implementation. It is shown that they allow the description of strategies and equilibria, even if multiple, in a game played under unforeseen contingencies. Secondly, a CSR norm permits the ex ante selection of the equilibrium point that meets the requirements of an impartial choice. An explicit agreement on a contractarian norm is moreover a way to introduce psychological conformist equilibria, and quite surprisingly to derive the significant result that mixed strategy equilibria are absent in a psychological repeated Trust Game. Lastly, a cognitive and predictive role is played by an agreed CSR norm as the appropriate starting point for an equilibrium selection mechanism that, from a state of predictive uncertainty about possible equilibria, generates a state of mutually consistent expectations consistent with the prediction that all players will converge on the psychological equilibrium fully conforming with the norm as the effective solution of th
08 Jul 09
GUPEA: Voting Motives, Group Identity, and Social Norms
Carlsson, Fredrik
Johansson-Stenman, Olof
2006
Working Papers in Economics
The conventional rational voter model has problems explaining why people vote, since the costs typically exceed the expected benefits. This paper presents Swedish survey evidence suggesting that people vote based on a combination of instrumental and expressive motives, and that people are strongly influenced by a social norm saying that it is an obligation to vote. Women and older individuals are more affected by this norm than others. The more rightwing a person is, the less unethical he/she will perceive selfish voting to be. Moreover, individuals believe that they themselves vote less selfishly than others and that people with similar political views as themselves vote less selfishly than people with the opposite political views, which is consistent with social identity theory.
01 Jul 09
Social Attitude Differences between Internet Users and non-Users
John P. Robinson; Steven P. Martin\nInformation, Communication & Society, Volume 12, Issue 4 June 2009 , pages 508 - 524 \nAs more survey and opinion polling agencies collect their data using the Internet, questions arise about how representative Internet users are of the American population as a whole. We use a targeted module of IT-relevant questions added to the 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2006 samples in the General Social Survey (GSS) to analyze differences between Internet users and non-users. We devote particular attention to the issue of whether Internet use is associated with more or less diverse or 'liberal' political opinions and to how these associations have changed since 2000. In general, we found that where differences existed, they were in the direction of Internet users being more supportive of diverse and tolerant points of view than were non-users, consistent with the premise that going online is a way of expressing openness to opposing points of view and new experiences. However, the differences were often non-monotonic - that is, openness did not always increase progressively with the amount of Internet use. Moreover, there were differences for some racial/family/sexual/political attitudes but not others, in patterns that do not fit easily under standard labels such as liberal, conservative or even libertarian. Internet users also expressed slightly more optimistic and sociable attitudes on certain other GSS questions. On most GSS items, however, either there were no differences between Internet users and non-users, or the differences could be explained by age, education, race, gender or income factors. Thus, respondents in Internet surveys can be expected to differ from non-Internet respondents in being selectively more tolerant on certain political issues, but not on most other political issues. The results held about as strongly in 2006 as in 2000.
24 Jun 09
El poder tecnológico de los infociudadanos.
F. Sáez Vacas
TELOS, 65, oct.-dic. 2005, pp. 60-67
(En Cuaderno Central sobre “Blogs, Weblogs, Bitácoras…” coordinado por el autor)
Mi punto de vista se resume en que los blogs constituyen una clase de artefactos de comunicación ubicados en la infociudad, que no hace mucho [2] definí como: «El espacio informacional donde los humanos de sociedades desarrolladas, mediante terminales con botones, teclas, pantallas, contraseñas e identificadores varios, se comunican y realizan una parte creciente de sus actividades habituales y otras muchas nuevas, convertidas en señales, símbolos, lenguajes y procesos inmateriales, soportados por una potente infraestructura tecnológica de arquitectura reticular».
22 Jun 09
crowdfunding / FrontPage
Crowdfunding, inspired by crowdsourcing, describes the collective cooperation, attention and trust by people who network and pool their money together, usually via the Internet, in order to support efforts initiated by other people or organizations. Crowdfunding occurs for any variety of purposes, from disaster relief to citizen journalism to artists seeking support from fans, to political campaigns.
13 Jun 09
Los Movimientos Sociales en la Era de Internet
Silvia Lago y Ana Marotias
Razón y Palabra Número 54
La internet como espacio de poducción de capital social
Rodrigo González Reyes - 2009
Revista mexicana de investigación educativa
ESFERA PÚBLICA Y MEDIOS ELECTRÓNICOS
Razón y Palabra Número 61
Octavio Perales
México Junio 9, 2007
El presente trabajo aborda el impacto que han tenido los medios electrónicos de comunicación en el fortalecimiento de la esfera pública. Se parte del concepto de esfera pública desde la perspectiva planteada por Habermas en su obra, The Structural Transformation of the Public Spher. En ella, se considera a la diferenciación de las esferas como el elemento esencial para distinguir a las sociedades modernas. Se hará especial énfasis en la esfera pública y en el producto de ésta, la opinión pública. La investigación considera que los medios electrónicos son una herramienta importante para el fortalecimiento de la esfera pública y de su componente, la sociedad civil. A través del intercambio racional de ideas, el espacio social se ve fortalecido en dos sentidos: al interior y hacia fuera. Al interior a través de procesos de socialización y de deliberación pública. Al exterior, a través de la vigilancia de la esfera política y económica en el impulso natural de éstas en abarcar espacio social. La investigación parte de un esbozo del marco teórico presentado por Habermas. En él se identifican las dinámicas y componentes de la esfera política, económica y social. Seguido de ello, se abordará cómo los medios electrónicos, en especial el Internet, impactan de manera positiva a la esfera social y a la formación de opinión pública.
Innovación docente y uso de las TIC en la enseñanza universitaria
Para adaptarse a las necesidades de la sociedad actual, las instituciones de educación superior deben flexibilizarse y
desarrollar vías de integración de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en los procesos de formación.
Paralelamente es necesario aplicar una nueva concepción de los alumnos-usuarios, así como cambios de rol en los
profesores y cambios administrativos en relación con los sistemas de comunicación y con el diseño y la distribución de la enseñanza. Todo ello implica, a su vez, cambios en los cánones de enseñanza-aprendizaje hacia un modelo más flexible. Para entender estos procesos de cambio y sus efectos, así como las posibilidades que para los sistemas de enseñanza-aprendizaje conllevan los cambios y avances tecnológicos, conviene situarnos en el marco de los procesos
de innovación.
Multimedia: Un nuevo lenguaje
Mariluz Cacheiro González
01 Jun 09
Can corporate social responsibility help us understand the credit crisis?
Argandoña, Antonio (IESE Business School)
The financial crisis which started in the United States in 2007 and which has spread throughout the world has many causes, one of which is the abundance of unethical behavior on the part of many of those who made the financial decisions, such as regulators, supervisors, managers and employees, and also on the part of a not insignificant number of their customers. In this paper, we will seek to shed light on the crisis's ethical content and show how the generalized practice of corporate social responsibility within financial institutions could have helped reduce the magnitude of the crisis, perhaps not systemically but definitely in some of the organizations that have been most affected by the crisis. For this to happen, however, a particular concept of social responsibility would have to have been applied, a responsibility with an ethical basis - or, more specifically, a voluntarily assumed ethics that was capable of giving rise to self-generated duties among financial decision-makers.
2009
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