Nia Reid (nreid07)'s Public Profile in the Diigo Community

Member since Sep 21, 2009, follows 2 people, 1 public groups, 17 public bookmarks (17 total).

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untitled on 2009-12-28
The Legal History of Internet Censorship and Pornography in the United States on 2009-12-17
- United States in regards to censorship and the Internet has been the
  Communications Decency Act (CDA). The CDA was voted
  overwhelmingly into law in 1996, and made it a criminal offense to send
  "indecent material by the Internet into others computers" (Wilkins 1997). The law was
  attached to the Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996 and passed by
  congress on February 1^st of the same year
- After an injunction suspending the enactment of the law was passed in the US
  District Court, the case of Reno v. ACLU proceeded to the US Supreme Court. On
  June 26, 1997, the Court voted unanimously that the act was a violation of the
  First Amendment (Wilkins 1997).
- 2 more annotations...
- - then they would have a
    wide range of powers to censor the Internet,while the plaintiffs analogy would severely
    limit the ability of government to censor the Internet if it were adopted (Simon 1998).
  - A second implication is that the Supreme Court and the district court both agreed that
    a strict level of scrutiny should be applied to Internet cases dealing with the First
    Amendment (Simon 1998).
A Million Thanks on 2009-12-15
- HOW YOU CAN SAY THANKS
  TO OUR SERVICE MEMBERS
  
  To send a written "Thank you" to our Service Members click
  DROP OFF YOUR LETTER HERE or mail to:
  
  A Million Thanks
  
  17853 Santiago Blvd., #107-355
  
  Villa Park, CA 92861
Ovoo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia on 2009-12-03
- An ovoo (Mongolian: овоо, heap) is a type of shamanistic cairn found in Mongolia, usually made from rocks or from wood
Six degrees of separation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia on 2009-10-28
- Six degrees of separation (also referred to as the "Human Web") refers to the idea that, if a person is one step away from each person they know and two steps away from each person who is known by one of the people they know, then everyone is at most six steps away from any other person on Earth. It was popularised by a play written by John Guare.
Radio-frequency identification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia on 2009-10-06
- Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typically referred to as an RFID tag) applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves.
EBSCOhost: Internet Censorship: As Bas As You Thought It Was on 2009-10-05
EBSCOhost: China Intent on Requiring Internet Censor Software on 2009-10-05
- Internet censorship software
  be preinstalled on all computers sold in China after July 1, despite reports
  this week that the rule had been relaxed. In a further sign that Chinese
  officials are trying to assert more Internet control,
  the city of Beijing wants to recruit 10,000 volunteers by summer's end to
  monitor online content, said an employee of the city government's Spiritual
  Civilization Office. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
The dangers of Internet censorship - The Boston Globe on 2009-10-05
- Australian officials are going after child pornography
- A proposal pending before the Federal Communications Commission
  raises just that possibility. It would provide Internet service
  to all Americans - with a catch. Content would be censored, free of "any images
  or text that otherwise would be harmful to teens and adolescents" under 18 years
  old.
  
  No one wants young children viewing pornography. But to enforce
- 1 more annotations...
- - fear that sexual predators will masquerade as children on MySpace and Facebook.
    In fact, there is no evidence that the Internet has increased the number of
    predators. Child sex abuse cases actually decreased 50 percent between 1990 and
    2005. Most sexual propositions to youth come from peers, not adult strangers
Internet Censorship - law & policy around the world on 2009-10-04
- would have required Internet Service Providers to, among other things, block
  adults' access to content on sites outside Australia on threat of fines for
  non-compliance. Following widespread criticism, the proposed law was amended to
  include provision for an additional access prevention method (other than ISP
  blocking of overseas hosted material at the server level
- Content hosts are required to delete Australian hosted content from their server
  (Web, Usenet, FTP, etc) that is deemed "objectionable" or "unsuitable for
  minors" on receipt of a take-down notice from the government regulator, the
  Australian Broadcasting Authority ("ABA"). To date (March 2002), the law has
  been implemented in a way that does not require ISPs to block access to content
  hosted outside Australia. Instead, the ABA notifies filtering/blocking software
  providers of content hosted outside Australia to be added to their blacklists.
  Australian Internet users are not required by law to use blocking
  software
- 9 more annotations...
- - These laws enable prosecution of Internet users who make available material that
    is deemed "objectionable" or "unsuitable for minors". The detail of the criminal
    offence provisions is different in each jurisdiction that has enacted or
    proposed laws of this nature.
  - In September 1996, China reportedly banned access to an estimated 100 Web sites
    by using a filtering system to prevent delivery of offending information
  - Since 1996, the Chinese government has enacted a number of highly restrictive
    laws prohibiting publishing political commentary the government considers
    undesirable and so on, and there have been continuing reports of various foreign
    media and human rights Web sites being blocked
  - "China has issued its most intrusive Internet controls to date, ordering service
    providers to screen private e-mail for political content and holding them
    responsible for subversive postings on their Web sites. ...
    Under the new rules, general portal sites must install security programs to
    screen and copy all e-mail messages sent or received by users. Those containing
    'sensitive materials' must be turned over to authorities.
    Providers are also responsible for erasing all prohibited content posted on
    their Web sites, including online chatrooms and bulletin boards.
    The new rules include a long list of banned content prohibiting writings that
    reveal state secrets, hurt China's reputation or advocate the overthrow of
    communism, ethnic separatism or 'evil cults.'
    The last category covers the Falun Gong spiritual movement, which has
    frequently resorted to the Internet to defy a harsh two-year crackdown.
    Pornography and violence are also prohibited."
  - states, New York, New Mexico, Michigan and Virginia have passed Internet
    censorship legislation restricting/banning online distribution of material
    deemed "harmful to minors". These laws have been struck down on Constitutional
    grounds.
    Information about the two Federal laws is provided
  - The CDA prohibited Internet users from using the Internet to communicate
    material that, under contemporary community standards, would be deemed patently
    offensive to minors under the age of eighteen. In so restricting Internet users,
    the CDA provided two affirmative defenses to prosecution; (1) the use of a
    credit card or other age verification system, and (2) any good faith effort to
    restrict access by minors. In holding that the CDA violated the First Amendment,
    the Supreme Court explained that without defining key terms the statute was
    unconstitutionally vague. Moreover, the Court noted that the breadth of the CDA
    was "wholly unprecedented" in that, for example, it was "not limited to
    commercial speech or commercial entities . . . [but rather] [i]ts open-ended
    prohibitions embrace all nonprofit entities and individuals posting indecent
    messages or displaying them on their own computers
  - the content of the conveyed message will be judged by the standards of the
    community most likely to be offended by the content. Finally, with respect to
    the affirmative defenses authorized by the CDA, the Court concluded that such
    defenses would not be economically feasible for most noncommercial Web
    publishers, and that even with respect to commercial publishers, the technology
    had yet to be proven effective in shielding minors from harmful material. As a
    result, the Court held that the CDA was not tailored so narrowly as to achieve
    the government's compelling interest in protecting minors, and that it lacked
    the precision that the First Amendment requires when a statute regulates the
    content of speech
  - Under COPA, whether material published on the Web is "harmful to minors" is
    governed by a three-part test, each of which must be found before liability can
    attach:
    
    (A) the average person, applying contemporary community standards,
    would find, taking the material as a whole and with respect to minors, is
    designed to appeal to, or is designed to pander to, the prurient interest;
    (B) depicts, describes, or represents, in a manner patently offensive with
    respect to minors, an actual or simulated sexual act or sexual contact, an
    actual or simulated normal or perverted sexual act, or a lewd exhibition of the
    genitals or post-pubescent female breast; and
    (C) taken as a whole, lacks serious, literary, artistic, political, or
    scientific value for minors.
  - COPA also provides Web publishers subject to the statute with affirmative
    defenses. If a Web publisher" has restricted access by minors to material that
    is harmful to minors" through the use of a "credit card, debit account, adult
    access code, or adult personal identification number . . . a digital certificate
    that verifies age . . . or by any other reasonable measures that are feasible
    under available technology," then no liability will attach to the Web publisher
    even if a minor should nevertheless gain access to restricted material under
    COPA.'

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on 2009-09-24

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