Heather Wellock's Profile

Mary's seven years in Scotland are a period of extraordinary drama, of which her
personal confrontations with John Knox at Holyrood are only the first
instalment; they are recorded in detail by Knox in accounts which do nothing to
conceal his own ferocious rudeness to the young queen.

The first significant event is the murder, with Darnley's involvement, of Mary's
secretary - David Rizzio, an Italian.

This gives a new gloss to the practice of Tudor monarchs in England. They have
ruled with absolute power, but they have involved parliament - acquiring from
its members at least the formal tokens of assent. James's theory implies that
even this is not necessary. Parliament's view of the matter becomes a central
theme of British politics once James, and then his son Charles, are on the
throne of England as well as Scotland.

A number of such utilities are presented here, together with an emergent new
class of tools that caters more to the academic communities

, Microsoft, finally catching the wave, was engineering a vigorous response to
the new, upstart Netscape browser. This was to be called Internet
Explorer and included a similar link manager that was dubbed
Favorites. Bookmarks or Favorites had now become an integral part of
users' everyday web experience and would remain so until powerful search engines
such as Google and Yahoo! came knocking on the door. Because,
while bookmarks allowed users to record sites of interest, they soon grew to
become unwieldy in terms of needing to be managed within the confines of a
simple, hierarchical structure. It became apparent with the growing power of the
new search engines that it was easier just to search for a particular site
afresh each time – in effect, search engines were now able to provide a dynamic
bookmarking service, or bookmarks on demand.

Taxonomies, however, were not done for. Early collaborative attempts to build
out a shared taxonomy, rather than develop a personal hierarchy of links,
resulted in such endeavours as the Open Directory Project [7] and Zeal [8], as well as commercial
operations like Yahoo! [9]. But these web-based
directories would soon struggle against the ever encroaching advance of the
search engine.

Taxonomies, however, were not done for. Early
collaborative attempts to build

out a shared
taxonomy, rather than develop a personal hierarchy of links,
resulted in
such endeavours as the Open Directory Project [
7
] and Zeal [
8

], as well as
commercial
operations like Yahoo! [
9

]. But these
web-based

directories would
soon struggle against the ever encroaching advance of the

search engine

Tim O'Reilly has talked about an 'architecture of participation' [12] whereby a grassroots user base creates a self-regulating
collaborative network. The result of this approach is that the best applications
become more useful for all participants the more that people make use of them.

Social bookmarking tools also share this characteristic: the more they are used,
the more value accrues to the system itself and thereby to all who participate
in it.

By contrast, the new link managers tend to use dynamic categorization systems
whereby the user annotates links with whatever terms seem most relevant. Links
are generally annotated with 'tags', which are free-form labels assigned by the
user and not drawn from any controlled vocabulary. This is very much a
'bottom-up' (or personal) approach compared with the traditional 'top-down' (or
organizational) structured means of classification.

The nature of the application is largely responsible for driving a particular
tagging practice. For example, Flickr users are generally managing
personal collections of their own digital photos for private use or for sharing
with friends and family, while the blog aggregator Technorati [28] uses tags supplied by the user (either presented within an
RSS feed or linked to from the HTML page) to describe their blogs so that others
may discover them. The majority of the social bookmarking tools reviewed in this
paper fall into the category of users tagging others' content mainly for their
own benefit, although the bookmarks and tags are generally public, and users can
establish social networking opportunities.

for the authors of this paper, tags are just one kind of metadata and are not a
replacement for formal classification systems such as Dublin Core, MODS, etc.
[n15]. Rather, they are a supplemental means to organize
information and order search results

Another important aspect on the social axis is user privacy. By publicizing
their bookmarks, users are opening up to other users on the Web their own sphere
of interests

The short answer to this is that social bookmarking tools, as with the Web at
large, usually pay users back many times over in utility for whatever privacy
they may have surrendered. But if absolute privacy is important, then it's
certainly best to stay away from these tools (and, indeed, possibly the Web as a
whole).

There is no question but that spamming of these new social tools can and will
occur – it almost goes with the territory that social forums will foster such
'parasites' and some instances have been noted already. So far, however, it does
not seem to have been a major problem, largely because spam has been drowned out
by legitimate use. But obviously, continuing vigilance must play a part, and
robust defences may need to be put in place should this start to become
problematic.

She was married four times, firstly to Robert Barlow, who
died in his teens;

secondly to the
courtier

Sir William Cavendish

; thirdly to

Sir

William

St
Loe

; and lastly
to

George Talbot, 6th Earl of

Shrewsbury

, sometime keeper to the captive

Mary, Queen of Scots

.

An accomplished needlewoman,
Bess hosted Mary at Chatsworth House for extended periods in 1569,
1570, and 1571, during which time they worked together on the Oxburgh
Hangings.^[2] In 1601, Bess
ordered an inventory of the household furnishings including textiles at her three properties at Chatsworth and
Hardwick, which survives, and in her will she bequeathed these items to her heirs to be preserved in
perpetuity. The 400-year-old collection, now known as the Hardwick Hall
textiles, is the largest collection of tapestry, embroidery, canvaswork, and other textiles to have been
preserved by a single private family.^[3]

BBC documentary ^[5] claimed that Bess
very much desired Arbella to become Queen, but it is fact that Bess was forced
by order of the Queen to keep the girl away from Court and closely supervised in
rural Derbyshire. Arbella blamed her grandmother for this, and the two fell out
irrevocably when Arbella attempted to run away and marry a man who also had
claim to the throne. Bess cut Arbella from her will and begged the Queen to take
her granddaughter off her hands. Arbella's royal claim was never recognised but
Bess eventually ended up with a descendant on the throne: Queen Elizabeth II.

She was interred in a vault in Derby Cathedral, where there is a memorial to
her. All three sites are popular with visitors, as is Old Hardwick Hall, Bess's
birthplace.

The Scots received their new queen with great joy and celebration. At once, she
began to try and help them; within a year of her arrival, one-sixth of all
Church benefices was given to the Protestant ministers to relieve their poverty.
She also attempted to strengthen the power of the Crown against Scotland's
notoriously difficult-to-control nobles. Of course, such a strategy would lead
to more peace and stability within the realm. As a result, she was popular with
the common people but not the nobility; she played croquet, golfed, went for
hunts and archery practice, sung, danced, and, in general, showed an admirable
zest for life. In 1562 the English ambassador reported to Elizabeth, 'When the
soldiers came back from the night's sentry-duty, she said she was sorry she was
not a man to be all night on the fields and to walk the causeway with buff-coat,
steel-helmet, buckler, and broadsword.'