Recent Bookmarks and Annotations
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Mindmapping, concept mapping and information organisation software on 2009-12-19
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writing-up practitioner research in education on 2009-11-25
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the shape of reports;
• their tone and readability;
• issues around the use of quotations and citations; and
• the difficult task of concluding.
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The purpose of writing a research report is simple according to Francis
Dane (1990: 212): to inform others about the research we have conducted
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As we have already discussed, the process of writing involves getting
clear on ideas and interpretations. It is an act of learning
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they seek to
persuade us of the existence of some phenomenon or the interest or value of
a particular line of argument
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Bem (1981 - quoted by Dane 1990: 217) provides us with four rules or
maxims concerning the start of an introduction. These are designed to make
easier the job of convincing readers that we have something worthwhile to
say. These are:
Write in prose instead of jargon. While some jargon
will be necessary it should be carefully rationed. All it does is make
writing more difficult to understand.
Avoid putting the reader into the middle of the
problem or theory. Introduce the research problem bit by bit.
Begin the introduction with a statement about human
behaviour rather than one about research. It generally helps if the
first sentence is something that people can relate to experience.
Use examples to introduce, illustrate or expand the
technical or abstract points that we wish to make. (Bem 1981 in Dane
1990: 217)
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First, you need to provide enough information for
the reader to understand how you collected your data. In one sense, the
method section is a secondary introduction, for it serves to guide the
reader to your results. The second purpose involves providing enough
information to enable someone to replicate your research. Thus, the
method section is also an archive. (Dane 1990: 219)
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The sentences tend to be fairly short - between 16
words (Dewey) and 21 words (Mills) per sentence. This is the average length
- it is important to vary length so as to keep the interest of the reader.
Paragraph length has been carefully monitored. Here
Mills uses an average of seven sentences per paragraph against twelve for
Dewey.
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Voice is also important. Active voice is more interesting than passive
voice:
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research is an activity,
and an active voice conveys that notion'.
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When quoting from, or
dealing with the arguments of, others it is probably best to use the past
sense
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However, for
discussion and conclusion - and for instructions to readers - it is usually
more appropriate to use the present tense.
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The discussion section of the report (if there is a separate one) is the
place for detailed analysis and for drawing out specific conclusions that
can be sustained by research findings. One standard move is to restate the
research problem/question, summarize (briefly!) the relevant results and
then to head for the main discussion. A central criteria for inclusion of
material here is that it adds something new to the reader's knowledge and
understanding of the study (Dane 1990: 225). This section should not be a
reworking of what has gone before.
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consider any relevant counter
arguments
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to
identify unanswered questions, particular limitations in the study design,
and areas for further exploration
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The development of work
with the particular group or individual. What areas need to be attended to,
questions asked etc.?
The functioning of the agency. Have, for example, particular
procedural issues been revealed, questions raised about working practices,
or the need demonstrated for a wider change in policy?
Policy and practice in the wider field.
Further research – either general in the field, or for you or
the agency. Your study may have highlighted gaps in the literature, or in
the knowledge base of the agency.
Your development as a practitioner. Here particular areas of
expertise or skill may need to be enhanced, or some attitude or orientation
explored.
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2.2 The Third Estate as the voice of the nation - French Revolution - OpenLearn - The Open University on 2009-11-10
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Gail's French Educational Links on 2009-06-17
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French flashcards and study tools | Quizlet on 2009-04-06
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nourishing obscurity: [stereotypes] cows explained .blogrollmain{ width:170px; margin:3px;padding:2px; font-family: Optima, Optima, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14px;text-align:left; } .blogrollmain a{ display:block; margin:3px; padding:1px; text-d on 2009-03-25
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www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/europe/france-2politik_francais.htm on 2009-03-21
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Podcast français facile on 2009-03-21
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Napoleon: From second lieutenant to commander of the army of Italy on 2009-03-21
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The friendship with Augustin Robespierre
and with the political commissioner Saliceti give a sudden impulse to his career.
The fall of Maximilien Robespierre
provokes a sudden standstill.
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and they had moved to Corsica in
the XVI century. Beginning from 1600 they were members many times of the Board
of the Elderly of Ajaccio. The attendance to the Board was recognized by the
French as equivalent to a title of minor nobility.
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Napoleon established
good relationships with Antonio Cristoforo Saliceti, deputy of the Convention
in mission in the island.
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Present by chance
to the siege of Toulon, on September 16 th 1793 he was called by Saliceti, deputy
in mission of the Convention, to replace Dammartin, commander of the artillery,
been wounded
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On the 9 Thermidor
of the year II (July 27 th 1794) Robespierre and his brother were put to death.
On August 9th 1794 Napoleon, general suspected of treason, was imprisoned at
Nice by Saliceti. On August 20 he will be acquitted, always by Saliceti.
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His marriage
with Desirée Clary
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to repress an insurrection, partly royalist, of the people in Paris. Barras
addressed Napoleon who, shooting at grapeshot on the crowd with the cannons
gathered by Murat, routed the rebels. The government was safe.
On October 16
th 1795, in consequence of the success of the operation, Napoleon was reinstated
in the degree of general of division and the command of the home army.
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On March 9th
1796 Napoleon married Joséphine Tascher de the Pagerie, widow of the general
Alexandre Beauharnais accused of treason after a defeat against the Austro-Prussians
and guillotined on July 23 rd 1794.
Joséphine had
been the lover of Barras, she had two children, Hortense and Eugene, and was
older than Napoleon of five years. She dominated the salons in Paris.
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Desirée Clary,
sister of the wife of Joseph, in 1798 married the general Bernadotte, who became
king of Sweden in 1818, but he had governed the country since 1810 in all but
name. Desirée died in 1860. Bernadotte died in Stockholm in 1844. The actual
rulers of Sweden belong to his dynasty.
Joséphine, widow
Beauharnais, in 1809 had to accept the separation from Napoleon who wanted to
marry Marie Louise of Austria for political reasons. She died in Paris in 1814
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Eugene of Beauharnais
was adopted by Napoleon and in 1805 he became viceroy of the kingdom of Italy.
After the One hundred Days he retired in Bavaria. He died in Munich in 1824.
Hortense married
Luigi Bonaparte, with whom she reigned on Holland from 1806 to 1810. With the
restoration she was exiled in Thurgau. She was the mother of Napoleon III. She
died in Arenenberg in 1837.
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Formative and Summative Assessment in the Classroom on 2009-03-11
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